Glutamine and GLS1 are key metabolic checkpoints that Limit T cell Infiltration and Function in HNSCC
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is characterized by poor survival and limited benefit from immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), underscoring the need to define targetable mechanisms of immune escape. In a prospective, patient-centered study, we investigated how tumor metabolic reprogramming impairs T cell function and drives ICB resistance. Targeted metabolomics identified two dominant and distinct tumor states: the Warburg phenotype and glutamine deprivation and revealed increased tumor-specific glutamine to glutamate turnover. Integrating spatial metabolic imaging with immunohistochemistry linked these states to immune-cold and immune-excluded tumor architectures. Metabolic states selectively reduced the expression of T cell chemokine receptors highly abundant and prognostic in HNSCC. Accordingly, T cell migration into tumor spheroids was reduced at lower glutamine concentrations. Interfering with glutamine metabolism by pharmacologic inhibition or genetic deletion of glutaminase-1 markedly increased tumor susceptibility to immune cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro and ex vivo and sensitized patient-derived tumor fragments (PDTFs) to ICB. This effect extended beyond glutamine restoration and involved disruption of glutathione-dependent ROS defense, impaired tumor proliferation, and increased MHC expression in tumor cells. Consistently, high expression of genes involved in glutamine and glutathione metabolism associated with reduced ICB response in patients. In contrast to HNSCC, other tumor entities including breast cancer show low glutaminase-1 expression. Accordingly, breast cancer PDTFs were not responsive to glutaminase-1 inhibition. Together, these data identify glutaminase-1 as a metabolic checkpoint driving immune escape in HNSCC, and support guided patient stratification for metabolism-targeted immunotherapy, similar to current precision approaches for mutation targeted drugs.