JNK pathway suppression drives resistance to combination endocrine therapy and CDK4/6 inhibition in ER+ breast cancer
PurposeEndocrine therapy in combination with CDK4/6 inhibition doubles the progression-free survival of patients with advanced ER+ breast cancer, but resistance is inevitable, leaving patients with limited treatment options. Experimental DesignWe performed unbiased genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screens using ER+ breast cancer cells to identify novel drivers of resistance to combination endocrine therapy (tamoxifen) and CDK4/6 inhibitor (palbociclib) treatment. Screen hits were validated by CRISPR/Cas9 knockout models, mechanistic analyses and evaluation of patient samples. ResultsOur screens identified the inactivation of JNK signalling, including loss of the kinase MAP2K7, as a key driver of combination resistance. We developed multiple CRISPR/Cas9 knockout ER+ breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and T-47D) to investigate the effects of MAP2K7, MAPK8 and MAPK9 loss. MAP2K7 knockout increased metastatic burden in vivo and led to impaired JNK-mediated stress responses, as well as promoting cell survival and reducing senescence entry following endocrine therapy and CDK4/6 inhibitor treatment. Mechanistically, this occurred via loss of the AP-1 transcription factor c-JUN, leading to an attenuated response to combination endocrine therapy plus CDK4/6 inhibition. Furthermore, we analysed ER+ advanced breast cancer patient cohorts and found that inactivation of the JNK pathway was associated with increased metastatic burden, and low pJNKT183/Y185 activity correlated with a poorer response to systemic endocrine and CDK4/6 inhibitor therapies. ConclusionsOverall, we demonstrate that suppression of JNK signalling enables persistent growth during combined endocrine therapy and CDK4/6 inhibition. Furthermore, our data provide a pre-clinical rationale to screen patients tumours for JNK signalling deficiency prior to receiving combined endocrine therapy and CDK4/6 inhibition. STATEMENT OF TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCEResistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors in the context of endocrine therapy resistance presents an urgent clinical challenge for the management of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer. However, the mechanisms driving resistance to this therapeutic combination remain poorly understood. Here, we have identified inactivation of JNK signalling, specifically loss of the JNK kinase MAP2K7, as a major determinant of resistance to combined endocrine therapy and CDK4/6 inhibition in ER+ breast cancer. We uncovered that MAP2K7 loss augments tumour survival in vitro and in vivo. This occurs via disruption of activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factors, and thus prevents the induction of therapy-induced senescence and JNK-induced stress response. These findings reveal a critical tumour suppressor role for the JNK pathway in ER+ breast cancer, highlighting the importance of identifying patients with deficient JNK signalling and cautioning against the development of JNK inhibitors for this setting.