Biology subjects

Raskind, W.

Publications and source records attributed to Raskind, W..

3 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2024

Joint exome and metabolome analysis in individuals with dyslexia: Evidence for associated dysregulations of olfactory perception and autoimmune functions

Dyslexia is a learning disability that negatively affects reading, writing, and spelling development at the word level in 5%-9% of children. The phenotype is variable and complex, involving several potential cognitive and physical concomitants such as sensory dysregulation and immunodeficiencies. The biological pathogenesis is not well-understood. Toward a better understanding of the biological drivers of dyslexia, we conducted the first joint exome and metabolome investigation in a pilot sample of 30 participants with dyslexia and 13 controls. In this analysis, eight metabolites of interest emerged (pyridoxine, kynurenic acid, citraconic acid, phosphocreatine, hippuric acid, xylitol, 2-deoxyuridine, and acetylcysteine). A metabolite-metabolite interaction analysis identified Krebs cycle intermediates that may be implicated in the development of dyslexia. Gene ontology analysis based on exome variants resulted in several pathways of interest, including the sensory perception of smell (olfactory) and immune system-related responses. In the joint exome and metabolite analysis, the olfactory transduction pathway emerged as the primary pathway of interest. Although the olfactory transduction and Krebs cycle pathways have not previously been described in dyslexia literature, these pathways have been implicated in other neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder, suggesting the possibility of these pathways playing a role in dyslexia as well. Immune system response pathways, on the other hand, have been implicated in both dyslexia and other neurodevelopmental disorders.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2023

Targeted analysis of dyslexia-associated regions on chromosomes 6, 12 and 15 in large multigenerational cohorts

Dyslexia is a common specific learning disability with a strong genetic basis that affects word reading and spelling. An increasing list of loci and genes have been implicated, but analyses to-date investigated only limited genomic variation within each locus with no confirmed pathogenic variants. In a collection of >2000 participants in families enrolled at three independent sites, we performed targeted capture and comprehensive sequencing of all exons and some regulatory elements of five candidate dyslexia risk genes (DNAAF4, CYP19A1, DCDC2, KIAA0319 and GRIN2B) for which prior evidence of association exists from more than one sample. For each of six dyslexia-related phenotypes we used both individual-single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and aggregate testing of multiple SNPs to evaluate evidence for association. We detected no promoter alterations and few potentially deleterious variants in the coding exons, none of which showed evidence of association with any phenotype. All genes except DNAAF4 provided evidence of association, corrected for the number of genes, for multiple non-coding variants with one or more phenotypes. Results for a variant in the downstream region of CYP19A1 and a haplotype in DCDC2 yielded particularly strong statistical significance for association. This haplotype and another in DCDC2 affected performance of real word reading in opposite directions. In KIAA0319, two missense variants annotated as tolerated/benign associated with poor performance on spelling. Ten non-coding SNPs likely affect transcription factor binding. Findings were similar regardless of whether phenotypes were adjusted for verbal IQ. Our findings from this large-scale sequencing study complement those from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), argue strongly against the causative involvement of large-effect coding variants in these five candidate genes, support an oligogenic etiology, and suggest a role of transcriptional regulation. Author SummaryFamily studies show that genes play a role in dyslexia and a small number of genomic regions have been implicated to date. However, it has proven difficult to identify the specific genetic variants in those regions that affect reading ability by using indirect measures of association with evenly spaced polymorphisms chosen without regard to likely function. Here, we use recent advances in DNA sequencing to examine more comprehensively the role of genetic variants in five previously nominated candidate dyslexia risk genes on several dyslexia-related traits. Our analysis of more than 2000 participants in families with dyslexia provides strong evidence for a contribution to dyslexia risk for the non-protein coding genetic variant rs9930506 in the CYP19A1 gene on chromosome 15 and excludes the DNAAF4 gene on the same chromosome. We identified other putative causal variants in genes DCDC2 and KIAA0319 on chromosome 6 and GRIN2B on chromosome 12. Further studies of these DNA variants, all of which were non-coding, may point to new biological pathways that affect susceptibility to dyslexia. These findings are important because they implicate regulatory variation in this complex trait that affects ability of individuals to effectively participate in our increasingly informatic world.

genetics↗

bioRxiv2023

Full-length isoform sequencing for resolving the molecular basis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth 2A

ObjectivesTranscript sequencing of patient derived samples has been shown to improve the diagnostic yield for solving cases of likely Mendelian disorders, yet the added benefit of full-length long-read transcript sequencing is largely unexplored. MethodsWe applied short-read and full-length isoform cDNA sequencing and mitochondrial functional studies to a patient-derived fibroblast cell line from an individual with neuropathy that previously lacked a molecular diagnosis. ResultsWe identified an intronic homozygous MFN2 c.600-31T>G variant that disrupts a branch point critical for intron 6 spicing. Full-length long-read isoform cDNA sequencing after treatment with a nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) inhibitor revealed that this variant creates five distinct altered splicing transcripts. All five altered splicing transcripts have disrupted open reading frames and are subject to NMD. Furthermore, a patient-derived fibroblast line demonstrated abnormal lipid droplet formation, consistent with MFN2 dysfunction. Although correctly spliced full-length MFN2 transcripts are still produced, this branch point variant results in deficient MFN2 protein levels and autosomal recessive Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, axonal, type 2A (CMT2A). DiscussionThis case highlights the utility of full-length isoform sequencing for characterizing the molecular mechanism of undiagnosed rare diseases and expands our understanding of the genetic basis for CMT2A.

genetics↗