A systematic review and standardized clinical validity assessment of male infertility genes
Study questionWhich genes are confidently linked to human male infertility?\n\nSummary answerOur systematic literature search and clinical validity assessment reveals that a total of 67 genes are currently confidently linked to 81 human male infertility phenotypes.\n\nWhat is known alreadyThe discovery of novel male infertility genes is rapidly accelerating with the availability of Next-Generation Sequencing methods, but the quality of evidence for gene-disease relationships varies greatly. In order to improve genetic research, diagnostics and counseling, there is a need for an evidence-based overview of the currently known genes.\n\nStudy design, size, durationWe performed a systematic literature search and evidence assessment for all publications in Pubmed until June 2018 covering genetic causes of male infertility and/or defective male genitourinary development.\n\nParticipants/materials, setting, methodsTwo independent reviewers conducted the literature search and included papers on the monogenic causes of human male infertility and excluded papers on genetic association or risk factors, karyotype anomalies and/or copy number variations affecting multiple genes. Next, the quality and the extent of all evidence supporting selected genes was weighed by a standardized scoring method and used to determine the clinical validity of each gene-disease relationship as expressed by the following six categories: no evidence, limited, moderate, strong, definitive or unable to classify.\n\nMain results and the role of chanceFrom a total of 23,031 records, we included 1,286 publications about monogenic causes of male infertility leading to a list of 471 gene-disease relationships. The clinical validity of these gene-disease relationships varied widely and ranged from definitive (n=36) to strong (n=12), moderate (n=33), limited (n=86) or no evidence (n=154). A total of 150 gene-disease relationships could not be classified.\n\nLimitations, reasons for cautionOur literature search was limited to Pubmed.\n\nWider implications of the findingsThe comprehensive overview will aid researchers and clinicians in the field to establish gene lists for diagnostic screening using validated gene-disease criteria and identify gaps in our knowledge of male infertility. For future studies, the authors discuss the relevant and important international guidelines regarding research related to gene discovery and provide specific recommendations to the field of male infertility.\n\nStudy funding/competing interest(s)This work was supported by a VICI grant from The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (918-15-667 to JAV).