Differential momentary reports of stress and affect associated with alcohol consumption in middle-aged versus younger adults
ObjectiveStress is a motivator to consume alcohol, a well-documented relapse risk, and is known to differentially affect biological and psychological processes as people age. Because alcohol consumption is known to decrease stress and increase affect, this study examined differences in ratings of stress and affect across the day in middle-aged versus younger adults who regularly consumed alcohol. MethodsA sample of males and females including younger (n=17) and middle-aged (n=18) drinkers was studied across two experimental periods: a 3-day period of usual drinking and a 3-day period of abstinence from alcohol. We also measured resting levels of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSArest), since it is a well-documented biomarker of stress and known to decrease with age. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) ratings across periods of normal drinking and abstinence were modeled using hierarchical regression to assess differences in stress and affect throughout days of abstinence and normal drinking between the two age groups. ResultsAs anticipated, middle-aged participants had lower RSArest than those who were younger. Our analyses showed that middle-aged adults experienced a significant reduction in stress following drinking while no such effect was observed in the younger adults. Although the middle-aged adults showed overall lower stress, generally they also expressed higher affect than younger adults. ConclusionsDespite the mitigating role of alcohol on stress in the middle-aged group and the fact that they had higher affect than the younger adults, their lower levels of RSArest and higher daily reports of stress could pose a risk for chronic alcohol consumption.