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Pizo, M. A.

Publications and source records attributed to Pizo, M. A..

3 recordsLinked to original sources

Brood division in a marsh-dwelling bird and its relation with the increase in offspring survival, acceleration of renest, and reduced competition for food resources

Parental care involves strategies that increase the offsprings survival. In some birds, each adult only feeds one young (brood division). Six hypotheses explain the functions of brood division: 1) reduced predation; 2) selection of a young by the parents; 3) selection of an adult by the young; 4) reduction of offspring competition; 5) efficiency improvement in parent-offspring interactions; and 6) social specialization. We studied the reproductive behavior and nestling morphology of the species to evaluate the possible functions associated with the brood division in Formicivora acutirostris, a bird of tidal marshes of southern Brazil. Females lay two eggs, but nests with one nestling may occur. We monitored 899 nests, nestlings, and parental care of young until they reached independence. Brood division occurred when the fledglings left the nest and continued until their independence. We did not observe a difference in the frequency with which sex feed single fledglings clutches. The fledglings remain in separated areas (pro hypothesis #1). There is a sex bias in the division (pro hypothesis #2). Adults fed the siblings equally (contra hypothesis #3). There is no aggression between siblings (contra hypothesis #4). Each fledgling remained close to their adult and responds only to it (pro hypotheses #5 and #6). We propose that brood division in the species may 7) reduce drowning of fledglings, 8) spatially divide food consumption, and 9) allow concomitant reproduction. We emphasize flooding as a structuring force for F. acutirostris, which raises concerns about the effects of climate change on this species.

animal behavior and cognition↗

Global and regional ecological boundaries drive abrupt changes in avian frugivory interactions

Species interactions can propagate disturbances across space, though ecological and biogeographic boundaries may limit this spread. We tested whether large-scale ecological boundaries (ecoregions and biomes) and human disturbance gradients increase dissimilarity among ecological networks, while accounting for background spatial and elevational effects and differences in network sampling. We assessed network dissimilarity patterns over a broad spatial scale, using 196 quantitative avian frugivory networks (encompassing 1,496 plant and 1,003 bird species) distributed across 67 ecoregions and 11 biomes. Dissimilarity in species and interactions, but not in network structure, increased significantly across ecoregion and biome boundaries and along human disturbance gradients. Our findings suggest that ecological boundaries contribute to maintaining the worlds biodiversity of interactions and mitigating the propagation of disturbances at large spatial scales. One-Sentence SummaryEcoregions and biomes delineate the large-scale distribution of plant-frugivore interactions.

ecology↗

Seed-dispersal networks lose complexity in tropical forest fragments

Seed dispersal interactions involve key ecological processes in tropical forests that help to maintain ecosystem functioning. Yet this functionality may be threatened by increasing habitat loss, defaunation and fragmentation. However, generalist species, and their interactions, can benefit from the habitat change caused by human disturbance while more specialized interactions mostly disappear. Therefore changes in the structure of the local, within fragment, networks can be expected. Here we investigated how the structure of seed-dispersal networks changes along a gradient of increasing habitat fragmentation. We analysed 16 bird seed-dispersal assemblages from forest fragments of a biodiversity-rich ecosystem. We found significant species-, interaction- and network-area relationships, yet the later was determined by the number of species remaining in each community. The number of frugivorous bird and plant species, their interactions, and the number of links per species decreases as area is lost in the fragmented landscape. In contrast, network nestedness has a negative relationship with fragment area, suggesting an increasing generalization of the network structure in the gradient of fragmentation. Network specialization was not significantly affected by area, indicating that some network properties may be invariant to disturbance. Still, the local extinction of partner species, paralleled by a loss of interactions and specialist-specialist bird-plant seed dispersal associations suggests the functional homogenization of the system as area is lost. Our study provides empirical evidence for network-area relationships driven by the presence/absence of remnant species and the interactions they perform.\n\nRESUMOInteracoes de dispersao de sementes formam um processo ecologico chave em florestas tropicais onde colaboram na manutencao do funcionamento do ecossistema. Porem, esta funcionalidade pode estar ameacada pelo aumento na perda e fragmentacao do habitat. Enquanto especies generalistas e suas interacoes podem se beneficiar da mudanca de habitat causada por disturbios antropicos, interacoes envolvendo especies mais especialistas sao, na maioria, eliminadas. Desta forma, mudancas nas redes locais, dentro de fragmentos florestais, sao esperadas. Neste trabalho nos investigamos como a estrutura de redes de dispersao de sementes mudam em um gradiente de fragmentacao do habitat. Nos analisamos 16 comunidades de dispersao de sementes espacialmente explicitas e distribuidas em fragmentos florestais de um ecossistema rico em biodiversidade. Nos encontramos relacoes significativas entre a area do fragmento e especies, interacoes e estrutura das redes, sendo que o ultimo foi determinado pelo numero de especies remanescentes em cada comunidade. O numero de especies de aves frugivoras e plantas e as interacoes entre eles, bem como o numero de links por especie diminuiram significativamente conforme a area dos fragmentos e perdida. Por outro lado, o aninhamento da rede mostrou uma relacao negativa com a area do fragmento, sugerindo um aumento da generalizacao da estrutura das redes com a fragmentacao do habitat. No entanto, o grau de especializacao das redes nao foi afetado pela area, indicando que algumas propriedades de rede podem ser resistentes a perturbacao. Sendo assim, a extincao local de especies parceiras, conjuntamente com a perda das interacoes e associacoes planta-dispersor mais especializadas, sugere uma homogeneizacao do sistema conforme a area do fragmento e perdida. Nosso estudo fornece evidencias empiricas para as relacoes rede-area, sendo estas direcionadas pela presenca e/ou ausencia das especies remanescentes bem como das interacoes que estas realizam.

ecology↗