Extinction potential from invasive alien species
Biological invasions threaten biodiversity, ecosystem services, human health, and cultural heritage, yet their impacts are often underappreciated, leading to insufficient management efforts and suboptimal conservation results. We argue that the lack of quantitative, continuous metrics of impact of invasive alien species (IAS) contribute this lack of appreciation. To bridge this knowledge-action gap, we propose the Extinction Potential Metric (EPM), a suite of quantitative metrics designed to assess the ecological damage caused by IAS. The EPM score of an IAS is the number of current and future species extinctions attributable to this IAS over the next 50 years under a business-as-usual scenario. EPM includes three variants: EPM-A (absolute EPM), EPM-R (relative EPM, which accounts for other anthropogenic pressures), and EPM-U (EPM for Unique species, adjusted for phylogenetic uniqueness of impacted native species), to capture different dimensions of IAS impacts. We applied EPM to evaluate the impact of IAS on 2178 amphibians, 920 birds, 865 reptiles, and 473 mammals. Our analyses revealed that the impact of the worst IAS was between 90 and 380 times higher than any IAS with an impact of 1 extinct native species. Importantly, several of the most impactful IAS disproportionately affect evolutionarily unique native species. The EPM framework offers a standardised approach for measuring ecological impacts of IAS but also other anthropogenic pressures at different spatial, temporal, and taxonomic scales. EPM could also guide the development of standardised indicators for assessing the impacts of other anthropogenic stressors. Ultimately, EPM will pave the way to answer ecological questions important to design better conservation policies, to enhance the management of biological invasions and reach global biodiversity conservation goals.