Gender imbalances of retraction prevalence among highly cited authors and among all authors
BackgroundScientific retractions remain rare but have become increasingly common. We have previously incorporated retraction data into Scopus-based databases of top-cited (top 2%) scientists to facilitate linkage of retractions with impact metrics at the individual scientist level. Here, we set out to explore whether gender disparities in the likelihood of having retractions exist, both among highly-cited authors and among all authors with [≥]5 publications. MethodsWe conducted a descriptive cross-sectional bibliometric analysis of a Scopus-based authors database. We used NamSor to assign gender, retaining only results with a confidence >85%. We examined the demographics of scientists with and without retractions among highly cited authors (career-long impact: n = 217,097) and among all other authors (n = 10,361,367). We stratified by publication age, field, country income level, and publication volume, and calculated gender-specific retraction rates and the prevalence ratio (R) of women versus men to have at least one retraction. Multivariable logistic regression were fitted to estimate adjusted associations, reported as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). ResultsGender could be classified for 8,267,888 scientists. Among highly cited authors, 3.3% of men and 2.9% of women had at least one retraction; among all authors, the rate was 0.7% for both genders. Differences varied by field: womens rates were at least one-third lower than mens (R < 0.7) in Biology, Biomedical Research, and Psychology (RD D1.3) in Economics, Engineering, and Information and Communication Technologies. Among highly cited authors, younger cohorts showed increasingly higher rates among men (4.2% men vs. 3.0% women in those starting to publish in 2002-2011; 8.7% men vs. 4.9% women in those starting post-2011). Country-level differences among highly cited authors were pronounced in some countries, as in Pakistan (28.7% men vs. 14.3% women). In multivariable analyses, differences were minimal, if any, for women versus men in having [≥]1 retraction (among all authors OR:D0.96, 95% CI: 0.94-0.97) among highly cited authors OR:D0.96, 95% CI: 0.89-1.03), while there were very strong associations of retractions with career age, country income, publication volume, and specific disciplines. ConclusionOur analysis shows no major gender differences in retraction rates overall, but field-specific differences may exist. Field, career age, country, and publication volume are stronger correlates of retraction. Structural and contextual factors likely drive retraction patterns and warrant further investigation.