Regulation of cell-nanoparticle interactions through mechanobiology
Bio-nano interactions have been extensively explored in nanomedicine to develop selective delivery strategies, reduce systemic toxicity, and minimize therapeutic dosing requirements. To enhance the delivery of nanocarriers to cancer cells and improve the therapeutic efficiency and clinical translation of nanomedicines, numerous nanomaterials with diverse and tunable properties have been developed. However, the limited clinical translation of nanoparticle-based therapies, largely due to issues associated with poor targeting and therapeutic delivery, requires a deeper understanding of the biological phenomena underlying cell-nanoparticle interactions. In this context, herein we investigate the molecular and cellular mechanobiology parameters that control such interactions. We demonstrate that the pharmacological inhibition or the genetic ablation of the key mechanosensitive component of the Hippo pathway, i.e., yes-associated protein, enhances nanoparticle internalization by 1.5-fold. Importantly, this phenomenon occurs independently of nanoparticle properties, such as size, or cell properties such as surface area, substrate adhesion, and stiffness. Our study reveals that the internalization of nanoparticles in target cells can be controlled by modulating cell mechanosensing pathways, potentially ultimately enhancing nanoparticle delivery and nanotherapy specificity.