Pereira, M. | Search bioRxiv

bioRxiv2018

Dysregulation of the engulfment pathway in the gut fuels Inflammatory Bowel Disease

BACKGROUND & AIMSLuminal dysbiosis is ubiquitous in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but how the microbes trigger pro-inflammatory cascades in the epithelial and phagocytic cells remains unknown. Here we investigated the role of the microbial sensor ELMO1 (Engulfment and Cell Motility Protein-1) in sensing and responding to IBD-associated microbes in the gut epithelium and in macrophages.\n\nMETHODSA stem cell-based technique is used to grow enteroids from WT and ELMO1-/-mice and from colonic biopsies of patients with IBD and subsequently differentiate them into enteroid-derived monolayers (EDMs) that mimic the gut epithelium/Gut in a dish. EDMs infected with IBD-associated invasive E. coli-LF82 were analyzed for bacterial internalization, cytokine production and monocyte-recruitment when co-cultured with monocytes.\n\nRESULTSExpression of ELMO1 is elevated in the colonic epithelium and in the inflammatory infiltrates within the lamina propria in IBD, higher expression correlated with elevated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, MCP-1 and TNF-. ELMO1-/-murine EDMs displayed a significant reduction of bacterial internalization through epithelial tight junctions and in MCP-1 production compared to WT mice. MCP-1 that is released from the epithelium recruited monocytes. Once recruited, macrophages required ELMO1 to engulf the bacteria and propagate a robust pro-inflammatory cytokine storm (TNF-).\n\nCONCLUSIONSELMO1 couples microbial-sensing to inflammation in both phagocytic and non-phagocytic host cells; it is required for the production of MCP-1 in the epithelium and TNF- in macrophages. Findings raise the possibility that upregulation of epithelial ELMO1 and the epithelial ELMO1[->]MCP-1 axis may serve as an early biomarker and therapeutic target, respectively, in IBD and other disorders of inflammation.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2017

Single-Trial Inhibition of Anterior Cingulate Disrupts Model-based Reinforcement Learning in a Two-step Decision Task.

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is implicated in learning the value of actions, but it remains poorly understood whether and how it contributes to model-based mechanisms that use action-state predictions and afford behavioural flexibility. To isolate these mechanisms, we developed a multi-step decision task for mice in which both action-state transition probabilities and reward probabilities changed over time. Calcium imaging revealed ramps of choice-selective neuronal activity, followed by an evolving representation of the state reached and trial outcome, with different neuronal populations representing reward in different states. ACC neurons represented the current action-state transition structure, whether state transitions were expected or surprising, and the predicted state given chosen action. Optogenetic inhibition of ACC blocked the influence of action-state transitions on subsequent choice, without affecting the influence of rewards. These data support a role for ACC in model-based reinforcement learning, specifically in using action-state transitions to guide subsequent choice. HighlightsO_LIA novel two-step task disambiguates model-based and model-free RL in mice. C_LIO_LIACC represents all trial events, reward representation is contextualised by state. C_LIO_LIACC represents action-state transition structure, predicted states, and surprise. C_LIO_LIInhibiting ACC impedes action-state transitions from influencing subsequent choice. C_LI

neuroscience↗