Multidecadal Remote Sensing of Macrocystis Pyrifera in Argentina
The Southern Hemisphere is home to extensive forests of giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera), including in Argentina and the southern islands of Tierra del Fuego, which has been proposed as a potential climate refugium. This study presents the first regional time series of M. pyrifera canopy dynamics in Argentina using Landsat satellite imagery from 1985 to 2023. The forests analyzed support 247.61 km{superscript 2} of emergent canopy and are situated in the coastal waters of Argentina and a small portion of Chilean islands, with 4%, 28%, and 68% in the Chubut, Santa Cruz, and Tierra del Fuego A.e.I.A.S, respectively. The small portion of Chilean Islands are included as part of the Tierra del Fuego province analyses. Range limits were scrutinized, in part, using expert knowledge and multisatellite comparisons. Linear regression shows that between 1998 and 2023, 7.4% of kelp sites exhibited a significant trend in annual canopy area, with all observed significant trends in the positive direction. Partitioning by province boundaries, linear regression produces significant positive increases in kelp canopy area across all three provinces, although reassessment when longer temporal continuity is also warranted, where available. Observed seawater nitrate concentrations were high throughout the region (7-23 {micro}mol L-{superscript 1}), suggesting that nitrate availability was not a primary driver of canopy variability. However, positive relationships between kelp canopy and the Antarctic Oscillation suggest that regional climate variability--which alters sea surface temperature and other oceanographic conditions--may be exerting a strong influence on kelp dynamics in this region. These findings document relative stability of kelp forest area in Argentina over the most recent two and a half decades and provide preliminary evidence supporting possible increases in kelp area for the region.