Biology subjects

Pan, Z.

Publications and source records attributed to Pan, Z..

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

bioRxiv2025

Infectome Analysis of Small Mammals in Southern China Reveals Ecological Associations and Emerging Threats from Diverse Pathogens

Small mammals harbor a diverse array of zoonotic pathogens. To date, however, metagenomic surveys of these species have primarily focused on viral diversity, with limited attention paid to bacteria and eukaryotic pathogens. Additionally, the ecological determinants of pathogen diversity within these mammals have not been systematically examined. Herein, we employed a metatranscriptomics approach to survey the pathogen infectome of 2,408 individual samples, representing lung, liver, and gut tissues from 858 animals collected throughout Guangdong province, China, with a study design that accounted for host species, tissue, season, and geographic location. We identified 76 pathogen species, including 29 RNA viruses, 12 DNA viruses, 5 bacteria, and 30 eukaryotic pathogens, 33 of which were newly discovered. Tissue distribution analysis revealed distinct organotropisms, suggesting varied transmission routes, while host distribution analysis showed that each animal carried an average of one pathogen, with 10 pathogens widely distributed among mammalian orders. Our characterization of the geographic and seasonal patterns revealed that pathogen richness was primarily influenced by region, host species, and season, while pathogen composition was largely shaped by host genetic distance. Collectively, these data provide the first comprehensive insight into the dynamics of the pathogen infectome in these key mammalian disease reservoirs, highlighting the major factors driving pathogen diversity and transmission.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2024

Denoising complex-valued diffusion MR images using a two-step non-local principal component analysis approach

Purposeto propose a two-step non-local principal component analysis (PCA) method and demonstrate its utility for denoising diffusion tensor MRI (DTI) with a few diffusion directions. MethodsA two-step denoising pipeline was implemented to ensure accurate patch selection even with high noise levels and was coupled with data preprocessing for g-factor normalization and phase stabilization before data denoising with a non-local PCA algorithm. At the heart of our proposed pipeline was the use of a data-driven optimal shrinkage algorithm to manipulate the singular values in a way that would optimally estimate the noise-free signal. Our approachs denoising performances were evaluated using simulation and in-vivo human data experiments. The results were compared to those obtained with existing local-PCA-based methods. ResultsIn both simulation and human data experiments, our approach substantially enhanced image quality relative to the noisy counterpart, yielding improved performances for estimation of relevant DTI metrics. It also outperformed existing local-PCA-based methods in reducing noise while preserving anatomic details. It also led to improved whole-brain tractography relative to the noisy counterpart. ConclusionThe proposed denoising method has the utility for improving image quality for DTI with reduced diffusion directions and is believed to benefit many applications especially those aiming to achieve quality parametric mapping using only a few image volumes.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2024

Chromosome-level genome assembly and annotation of the crested gecko, Correlophus ciliatus, a lizard incapable of tail regeneration

The vast majority of gecko species are capable of tail regeneration, but singular geckos of Correlophus, Uroplatus, and Nephrurus genera are unable to regrow lost tails. Of these non-regenerative geckos, the crested gecko (Correlophus ciliatus) is distinguished by ready availability, ease of care, high productivity, and hybridization potential. These features make C. ciliatus particularly suited as a model for studying the genetic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms underlying loss of tail regeneration capabilities. We report a contiguous genome of C. ciliatus with a total size of 1.65 Gb, a total of 152 scaffolds, L50 of 6, and N50 of 109 Mb. Repetitive content consists of 40.41% of the genome, and a total of 30,780 genes were annotated. Assembly of the crested gecko genome provides a valuable resource for future comparative genomic studies between non-regenerative and regenerative geckos and other squamate reptiles. FindingsWe report genome sequencing, assembly, and annotation for the crested gecko, Correlophus ciliatus.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2024

Room Temperature Aerosol Dehydration of Green Fluorescence Protein

Rapid Room-Temperature Aerosol Dehydration (RTAD) is a novel, scalable drying technology for powderization and thermal stabilization of pharmaceutical drug products. Compared to conventional spray drying, RTAD utilizes sub-20 {micro}m droplets that evaporate rapidly at room temperature, thereby reducing drying-induced stresses for thermally sensitive biologics. In this study, we employed Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) as a model biological molecule to optimize the RTAD system design and process parameters. We investigated the effects of droplet size, multiphase flow patterns in the drying chamber, and usage of polysorbate 20 as a model surfactant on GFP fluorescence after drying and powder reconstitution. The experiments demonstrated that the presence of polysorbate 20 in the formulation significantly influenced GFP fluorescence intensity, especially for smaller droplets. The numerical studies using Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations revealed that the intensity of GFP fluorescence in the produced dry powders was dependent on the patterns of multiphase flow in the drying chamber. Non-axisymmetric flows and closed circulating streamlines near the drying gas inlet negatively impacted the GFP fluorescence intensity. Through iterative optimization of chamber design, process parameters, and feedstock formulation, we achieved the recovery (compared to the initial samples) of GFP fluorescence intensity exceeding 96% in the obtained dry powders. This work establishes GFP as a sensitive model biologic and its fluorescence intensity as a powerful tool for rapidly assessing bioactivity following dehydration. The insights gained from this study have broad implications for the design and scale-up of room-temperature drying technologies, which can potentially transform the production of dry powder biopharmaceuticals.

pharmacology and toxicology↗

bioRxiv2024

Tissue-specific and functional loci analysis of CASP14 gene in the sheep horn

Under the current context of intensive farming, small-horned animals are more suitable for large-scale breeding. The CASP14 gene, closely associated with skin and keratin formation, may influence horn size due to its link with skin development. This study comprehensively analyzed the tissue-specific expression of CASP14 using RNA-Seq data, identified functional sites through whole-genome sequencing (WGS), and investigated allele-specific expression (ASE) validated by KASP assays. Results showed significantly higher CASP14 expression in the scurred group com-pared to the SHE group, with pronounced expression in the skin. Interbreed comparisons also revealed elevated CASP14 levels in the scurred group. Analysis of potential functional sites indicated structural similarities in the CASP14 protein among horned mammals. Five ASE events were discovered, and intersecting these with SNPs and high fixation index loci (Fst > 0.05) identified three potential functional sites: 7941628, 7941817, and 7941830. The SNP site 7944295 was selected for T-test analysis and further validated through KASP assays, corroborating the role of CASP14 in sheep horn phenotypes. Our findings suggest that CASP14 plays a significant role in horn development, offering insights into breeding strategies for small-horned animals.

zoology↗

bioRxiv2024

RIPK4 driven by TP53 mutations promotes resistance to redox stress of CRC by phosphorylating MTHFD1

This study investigates advanced colorectal cancer (CRC), focusing on its tendency for distant metastasis and chemotherapy resistance. It highlights the importance of PANoptosis, a cell death pathway, and the role of the Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase (RIPK) family in tumor progression. RIPK4s tissue-specific functions in cancer cell behavior are emphasized, including its influence on invasion, migration, and oxidative stress resistance. The study reveals the critical balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cancer cells, linked to antioxidant defenses and NADPH production for survival. A key finding is the connection between TP53 mutations in CRC and increased RIPK4 expression, which enhances MTHFD1 phosphorylation, boosts NADPH production, reduces ROS, and promotes resistance to PANoptosis, leading to metastasis. The research identifies the molecular basis of CRC metastasis, showing how RIPK4 regulates MTHFD1 to resist PANoptosis, offering new therapeutic targets for metastatic CRC and potential improvements in patient outcomes.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2024

PerturbAtlas: A Comprehensive Atlas of Public Genetic Perturbation Bulk RNA-seq Datasets

Manipulating gene expression is crucial for understanding gene function, with high-throughput sequencing techniques such as RNA-seq elucidating the downstream mechanisms involved. However, the lack of a standardized metadata format for small-scale perturbation expression datasets in public repositories hinders their reuse. To address this issue, we developed PerturbAtlas, an add-value resource that re-analyzes publicly archived RNA-seq libraries to provide quantitative data on gene expression, transcript profiles, and alternative splicing events following genetic perturbation. PerturbAtlas assists users in identifying trends at the gene and isoform levels in perturbation assays by re-analyzing a curated set of 122,801 RNA-seq libraries across 13 species. This resource is freely available at https://perturbatlas.kratoss.site as both raw data tables and an interactive browser, allowing searches by species, tissue, or genomic features. The results provide detailed information on alterations following perturbations, accessible through both forward and reverse approaches, thereby enabling the exploration of perturbation consequences and the identification of potential causal perturbations. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=199 SRC="FIGDIR/small/605482v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (76K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@150012org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b7ac25org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@86c4feorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ef3341_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2024

The continuous differentiation of multiscale structural gradients from childhood to adolescence correlates with the maturation of cortical morphology and functional specialization

From childhood to adolescence, the structural organization of the human brain undergoes dynamic and regionally heterogeneous changes across multiple scales, from synaptic pruning to the reorganization of large-scale anatomical wiring. However, during this period, the developmental process of multiscale structural architecture, its association with cortical morphological changes, and its role in the maturation of functional organization remain largely unknown. Here, we utilized a longitudinal multimodal imaging dataset including 276 children aged 6 to 14 years to investigate the developmental process of multiscale cortical wiring. We used an in vivo model of cortical wiring that combines features of white matter tractography, cortico-cortical proximity, and microstructural similarity to construct a multiscale brain structural connectome. By employing the gradient mapping method, the gradient space derived from the multiscale structural connectome effectively recapitulated the sensory-association axis and anterior-posterior axis. Our findings revealed a continuous expansion of the multiscale structural gradient space during development, with the principal gradient increasingly distinguishing between primary and transmodal regions. This age-related differentiation coincided with regionally heterogeneous changes in cortical morphology. Furthermore, our study revealed that developmental changes in coupling between multiscale structural and functional connectivity were correlated with functional specialization refinement, as evidenced by changes in the participation coefficient. We also found that the differentiation of the principal multiscale structural gradient was associated with improved cognitive abilities, such as enhanced working memory and attention performance, and potentially supported by molecular processes related to synaptic functions. These findings advance our understanding of the intricate maturation process of brain structural organization and its implications for cognitive performance.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2024

Stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD1) regulates foot-and-mouth disease virus replication by modulating host cell lipid metabolism and 2C-mediated replication complex formation

The life cycle of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is tightly regulated by host cell lipid metabolism. In a previous study, we successfully established a BHK-21 cell model (BHK-Op) for persistent FMDV infection by single-cell clone selection and isolated a virus-negative cell line (BHK-VEC cells) from high-passage BHK-Op cells. BHK-VEC cells could be not infected with FMDV. By conforming the transcriptome data of BHK-VEC cells and BHK-21 cells, we identified that the stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD1), a key enzyme for the fatty acid metabolism, regulates FMDV replication. SCD1 overexpression or exogenous addition of oleic acid (OA), a product of SCD1 enzyme activity, promoted or upregulated FMDV replication in BHK-21 cells or SCD1 knockdown cells, respectively. Interestingly, overexpression of SCD1 or exogenous addition of OA restored the FMDV infection and replication in BHK-VEC cells. Exogenous addition of OA also promoted FMDV replication in BHK-Op. SCD1 recruited the nonstructural FMDV protein 2C to the detergent-resistant membrane located in the perinuclear nucleus to form replication complex. Inhibition of SCD1 enzyme activity resulted in significantly decreased number of FMDV replication complexes with also abnormal morphology. Importantly, inhibition of SCD1 enzyme activity effectively suppressed replication of other positive-sense RNA viruses, such as REO176, PV1 and EV71. Our results demonstrated that, as a key host regulator of RNA virus replication, SCD1 is a potential target for developing novel drugs against positive-sense RNA virus infection.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2024

Inhibition of Inflammatory Osteoclasts Enhances CGRP+TrkA+ Signaling and Accelerates Callus Remodeling in Osteoporotic Fractures

Impaired callus remodeling significantly contributes to the delayed healing of osteoporotic fractures; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Sensory neuronal signaling plays a crucial role in bone repair. In this study, we demonstrate that in ovariectomized (OVX) mice, the loss of CGRP+TrkA+ sensory neuronal signaling during callus remodeling correlates with increased Cx3cr1+iOCs expression within the bone callus. Conditional knockout of Cx3cr1+iOCs restored CGRP+TrkA+ sensory neuronal, enabling normal callus remodeling progression. Mechanistically, we further demonstrate that Cx3cr1+iOCs secrete seme3A in the osteoporotic fracture repair microenvironment, inhibiting CGRP+TrkA+ sensory neurons axonal regeneration and suppressing nerve-bone signaling exchange, thus hindering bone remodeling. Lastly, in human samples, we observed an association between the loss of CGRP+TrkA+ sensory neuronal signaling and increased expression of Cx3cr1+iOCs. In conclusion, enhancing CGRP+TrkA+ sensory nerve signaling by inhibiting Cx3cr1+iOCs activity presents a potential strategy for treating delayed healing in osteoporotic fractures.

pathology↗

bioRxiv2024

Identification of the potential function-specific sites in subunits of vertebrate neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

The nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) are complexes that are composed of subunits evolved from common ancestor. Although the subunits are similar in sequences and structures, their molecular function varies significantly. Therefore, detecting the molecular sites specific to each subunit is important to understand the property of the subunits and the receptors formed by them. As we know, the molecular sites critical to the structure and molecular function of a protein family usually are conserved in evolution, and those specific to each member of the family are often closely related to its structural and functional specificity. In this study, we analyzed the sequence specific sites in nAChR subunits by adopting the evolutionary trace method and the two-state model, and explored the relationship between structure and function in combination with the spatial location of the sites. The results showed that the detected sites in 7 subunit were closely related to ligand binding and conformational changes of the energetic coupling pathway. The conserved sites tended to be distributed in the interior of the spatial structure of protein molecules, and the sites potentially related to new functions were distributed on the surface of the spatial structure. In summary, our results could be helpful to understanding the molecular features related to the function specificity and diversity of the nAChR subunits.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2024

Analyzing the Involvement of Cholinesterases in the Immune Landscape of Lung Adenocarcinoma and Their Prognostic Values

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common subtype of lung cancer and its prognosis is poor. The cholinergic system is involved in the development of lung cancer but its role is still unclear. In this study, we collected 231 cholinergic-related genes, and examined their expression in LUAD samples and normal tissues, from which 37 differentially expressed genes were screened. Then, by survival analysis, we identified 7 genes related to the prognosis of LUAD, among which acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE) were included. The expression of AChE was upregulated in LUAD samples, and its expression had a significant positive correlation with the prognosis of male patients. But the expression of BChE was down-regulated in LUAD samples, and the elevated BChE expression was associated with a good prognosis in women and non-smoking patients. We also observed a close relationship between the two genes and immune landscape of LUAD. The AChE high expression patients had a higher ratio of tumor-infiltrating immune cells than the low expression patients, while the BChE high expression group had higher ratios of both tumor-infiltrating immune cells and stromal cells. We collected a total of 113 immunomodulatory genes associated with AChE and BChE to build an immunoregulatory network, which comprised several gene clusters. We also found that the expression of AChE and BChE was associated with immune escape in LUAD. Our results showed that AChE and BChE may play an important role in the development of LUAD, and could be promising biomarkers and targets for its diagnosis and treatment.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2024

Genotype Representation Graphs: Enabling Efficient Analysis of Biobank-Scale Data

Computational analysis of a large number of genomes requires a data structure that can represent the dataset compactly while also enabling efficient operations on variants and samples. Current practice is to store large-scale genetic polymorphism data using tabular data structures and file formats, where rows and columns represent samples and genetic variants. However, encoding genetic data in such formats has become unsustainable. For example, the UK Biobank polymorphism data of 200,000 phased whole genomes has exceeded 350 terabytes (TB) in Variant Call Format (VCF), cumbersome and inefficient to work with. To mitigate the computational burden, we introduce the Genotype Representation Graph (GRG), an extremely compact data structure to losslessly present phased whole-genome polymorphisms. A GRG is a fully connected hierarchical graph that exploits variant-sharing across samples, leveraging ideas inspired by Ancestral Recombination Graphs. Capturing variant-sharing in a multitree structure compresses biobank-scale human data to the point where it can fit in a typical servers RAM (5-26 gigabytes (GB) per chromosome), and enables graph-traversal algorithms to trivially reuse computed values, both of which can significantly reduce computation time. We have developed a command-line tool and a library usable via both C++ and Python for constructing and processing GRG files which scales to a million whole genomes. It takes 160GB disk space to encode the information in 200,000 UK Biobank phased whole genomes as a GRG, more than 13 times smaller than the size of compressed VCF. We show that summaries of genetic variants such as allele frequency and association effect can be computed on GRG via graph traversal that runs significantly faster than all tested alternatives, including vcf.gz, PLINK BED, tree sequence, XSI, and Savvy. Furthermore, GRG is particularly suitable for doing repeated calculations and interactive data analysis. We anticipate that GRG-based algorithms will improve the scalability of various types of computation and generally lower the cost of analyzing large genomic datasets.

genetics↗

bioRxiv2024

Single-nucleus Multiomic Analyses Identifies Gene Regulatory Dynamics of Phenotypic Modulation in Human Aneurysmal Aortic Root

Aortic root aneurysm is a potentially life-threatening condition that may lead to aortic rupture and is often associated with genetic syndromes, such as Marfan syndrome (MFS). Although studies with MFS animal models have provided valuable insights into the pathogenesis of aortic root aneurysms, our understanding of the transcriptomic and epigenomic landscape in human aortic root tissue remains incomplete. This knowledge gap has impeded the development of effective targeted therapies. Here, this study performs the first integrative analysis of single-nucleus multiomic (gene expression and chromatin accessibility) and spatial transcriptomic sequencing data of human aortic root tissue under healthy and MFS conditions. Cell-type-specific transcriptomic and cis-regulatory profiles in the human aortic root are identified. Regulatory and spatial dynamics during phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), the cardinal cell type, are delineated. Moreover, candidate key regulators driving the phenotypic modulation of VSMC, such as FOXN3, TEAD1, BACH2, and BACH1, are identified. In vitro experiments demonstrate that FOXN3 functions as a novel key regulator for maintaining the contractile phenotype of human aortic VSMCs through targeting ACTA2. These findings provide novel insights into the regulatory and spatial dynamics during phenotypic modulation in the aneurysmal aortic root of humans.

pathology↗

bioRxiv2023

Mime: A flexible machine-learning framework to construct and visualize models for clinical characteristics prediction and feature selection

With the widespread use of high-throughput sequencing technologies, understanding biology and cancer heterogeneity has been revolutionized. Recently, several machine-learning models based on transcriptional data have been developed to accurately predict patients outcome and clinical response. However, an open-source R package covering state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms for user-friendly access has yet to be developed. Thus, we proposed a flexible computational framework to construct machine learning-based integration model with elegant performance (Mime). Mime streamlined the process of developing predictive models with high accuracy, leveraging complex datasets to identify critical genes associated with prognosis. An in silico combined model based on de novo PIEZO1-associated signatures constructed by Mime demonstrated high accuracy in predicting outcomes of patients compared with other published models. In addition, PIEZO1-associated signatures could also precisely infer immunotherapy response by applying different algorithms in Mime. Finally, SDC1 selected from PIEZO1-associated signatures presented high-potential role in glioma with targeted prospect. Taken together, our package provides a user-friendly solution for constructing machine learning-based integration models and will be greatly expanded to provide valuable insights into current fields.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2023

Dual long-axis reorganization of hippocampus in youth

The reorganization of human hippocampus, especially its interaction with cortex, remains largely undefined in youth. The organization of a single hippocampal long-axis has been predominantly characterized as monotonic1-6, despite recent indications of nonmonotonic features in neuron density7 and geometric eigenmodes8. While the human cortical hierarchy has been well recognized for significant developmental and evolutionary advantages9-12, hippocampus has been typically considered an evolutionarily conserved brain structure1,13,14, and overlooked regarding its integrative role of cortical hierarchical processing during development. Here, we corroborated the presence and significance of a dual long-axis representation of the hippocampal connectome and geometry including both linear and quadratic gradients along its long-axis in youth. This finding was robust across two independent large-scale developmental cohorts. Charting development of the dual long-axis gradients underscored their specific contributions to the cortical hierarchy maturation from the frontoparietal and salience/ventral attention networks. The observed developmental variability in spontaneous brain activities in youth parallels the gradients of myelin content. During childhood through adolescence to early adulthood, the hippocampus reorganized the dual long-axis by gradually relaxing its geometric constraints on the intrinsic network organization of cortical spontaneous activity for refined executive functions. Molecular processes underlying such reorganization of the dual long-axis in hippocampus are linked to neural growth, stress hormone regulation, and neuroactive signaling. Our findings enrich the understanding of hippocampal-cortical reorganizational principles across structural, functional, and molecular dimensions as well as its maturation, and define the plasticity distribution within the human hippocampus at systems level, holding potentials to enhance and translate neurodevelopment and neuropsychiatric healthcare.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2023

The microbial community of rust layer biofilm was driven by seawater microbial community

Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) accounts for approximately 20% of the total corrosion-related losses worldwide, causing significant economic damage each year, particularly in Marine environments. However, there are still no truly effective and eco-friendly protection solutions against MIC, among which the incomplete understanding of the microbial biofilm development on metallic surface is a key limitation. Using 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing, we studied bacterial and fungal communities in rust layer biofilm and seawater. The results showed that Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Bacteroidota were the dominant bacterial phyla, and Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the dominant fungal phyla both in the rust layer biofilm and seawater. Bacteria like Erythrobacter and Aquimarina, as well as fungi like Aspergillus and Acremonium were were notable microorganisms in the rust layer biofilm. Source analysis revealed differences between biofilm and seawater communities, with 23.08% bacterial and 21.48% fungal communities originating from seawater. Stochastic processes governed biofilm and seawater microbial communities, and network analysis showed coexistence and interaction among bacteria and fungi. IMPORTANCEThe composition and source analysis of bacterial and fungal communities in the rust layer and seawater were studied, and the interaction of bacteria and fungi in the rust layer was discussed for the first time. Based on these findings, we provided a framework to explain the observed characteristics of microbial communities in rust layer biofilm and presented key evidence supporting the relationship between different microbial structures and interactions with metal corrosion. These findings, from the perspective of microbial ecology, provide a theoretical foundation for studying microbial corrosion in marine environments.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2023

Multi-omics analysis reveals signatures of selection and loci associated with complex traits in pigs

Selection signatures that contribute to phenotypic diversity, especially morphogenesis in pigs, remain to be further elucidated. To reveal the regulatory role of genetic variations in phenotypic differences between Eastern and Western pig breeds, we performed a systematic analysis based on seven high-quality de novo assembled genomes, 1,081 resequencing data representing 78 domestic breeds, 162 methylomes, and 162 transcriptomes of skeletal muscle from Tongcheng (Eastern) and Landrace (Western) pigs at 27 developmental stages. Selective sweep uncovers different genetic architectures behind divergent selection directions for the Eastern and Western breeds. Notably, two loci showed functional alterations by almost fixed missense mutations. By integrating time-course transcriptome and methylome, we revealed differences in developmental timing during myogenesis between Eastern and Western breeds. Genetic variants under artificial selection have critical regulatory effects on progression patterns of heterochronic genes like GHSR and BDH1, by the interaction of local DNA methylation status, particularly during embryonic development. Altogether, our work not only provides valuable resources for understanding pig complex traits, but also contributes to human biomedical research.

genomics↗