Identification of the 216kbp gene cluster and structure elucidation of gargantulides B and C, new complex 52-membered macrolides from Amycolatopsis sp.
Gargantulides B and C, two new and highly complex 52-membered glycosylated macrolactones, were isolated from Amycolatopsis sp. strain CA-230715 during an antibacterial screening campaign. The structures of these giant macrolides were elucidated by 2D NMR spectroscopy and shown to be related to gargantulide A, although containing additional {beta}-glucopyranose and/or -arabinofuranose monosaccharides separately attached to their backbones. Genome sequencing allowed the identification of a strikingly large 216 kbp biosynthetic gene cluster, among the largest type I PKS clusters described so far, and the proposal of a biosynthetic pathway for gargantulides A-C. Additionally, genes putatively responsible for the biosynthesis of the amino sugar {beta}-3,6-deoxy-3-methylamino glucose, reported exclusively in gargantulide macrolides, were also found in the cluster and described in this work. The absolute configurations of gargantulides B and C were assigned based on a combination of NMR and bioinformatics analysis of ketoreductase and enoylreductase domains within the multimodular type I PKS. Furthermore, the absolute stereochemistry of the related macrolide gargantulide A has now been revised and completed. Gargantulides B and C display potent antibacterial activity against a set of drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria and moderate activity against the clinically relevant Gram-negative pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii.