Streptococcus pneumoniae evades host cell phagocytosis and limits host mortality through its cell wall anchoring protein PfbA
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive bacterium belonging to the oral streptococcus species, mitis group. This pathogen is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia, which often evades host immunity and causes systemic diseases, such as sepsis and meningitis. Previously, we reported that PfbA is a {beta}-helical cell surface protein contributing to pneumococcal adhesion to and invasion of human epithelial cells in addition to its survival in blood. In the present study, we investigated the role of PfbA in pneumococcal pathogenesis. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the pfbA gene is specific to S. pneumoniae within the mitis group. Our in vitro assays showed that PfbA inhibits neutrophil phagocytosis, leading to pneumococcal survival. We found that PfbA activates NF-{kappa}B through TLR2, but not TLR4. In addition, TLR2/4 inhibitor peptide treatment of neutrophils enhanced the survival of the S. pneumoniae {Delta}pfbA strain as compared to a control peptide treatment, whereas the treatment did not affect survival of a wild-type strain. In a mouse pneumonia model, the host mortality and level of TNF- in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were comparable between wild-type and {Delta}pfbA-infected mice, while deletion of pfbA increased the bacterial burden in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In a mouse sepsis model, the {Delta}pfbA strain demonstrated significantly increased host mortality and TNF- levels in plasma, but showed reduced bacterial burden in lung and liver. These results indicate that PfbA may contribute to the success of S. pneumoniae species by inhibiting host cell phagocytosis, excess inflammation, and mortality.\n\nImportanceStreptococcus pneumoniae is often isolated from the nasopharynx of healthy children, but the bacterium is also a leading cause of pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. In this study, we focused on the role of a cell wall anchoring protein, PfbA, in the pathogenesis of S. pneumoniae-related disease. We found that PfbA is a pneumococcus-specific anti-phagocytic factor that functions as a TLR2 ligand, indicating that PfbA may represent a pneumococcal-specific therapeutic target. However, a mouse pneumonia model revealed that PfbA deficiency reduced the bacterial burden, but did not decrease host mortality. Furthermore, in a mouse sepsis model, PfbA deficiency increased host mortality. These results suggest that S. pneumoniae optimizes reproduction by regulating host mortality through PfbA; therefore, PfbA inhibition would not be an effective strategy for combatting pneumococcal infection. Our findings underscore the challenges involved in drug development for a bacterium harboring both commensal and pathogenic states.