Ono, K. | Search bioRxiv

bioRxiv2019

Cytochrome P450 26b1-mediated specification of vestibular striola and central zones is required for transient responses in linear acceleration

Each vestibular sensory epithelia of the inner ear is divided into two zones, the striola and extrastriola in maculae of otolith organs and the central and peripheral zones in cristae of semicircular canals, that differ in morphology and physiology. We found that formation of striolar/central zones during embryogenesis requires Cytochrome P450 26b1 (Cyp26b1)-mediated degradation of retinoic acid (RA). In Cyp26b1 conditional knockout mice, the identities of the striolar/central zones were compromised, including abnormal innervating neurons and otoconia in otolith organs. Vestibular evoked potentials (VsEP) in response to jerk stimuli were largely absent. Vestibulo-ocular reflexes and standard motor performances such as forced swimming were unaffected, but mutants had head tremors and deficits in balance beam tests that were consistent with abnormal vestibular input. Thus, degradation of RA during embryogenesis is required for patterning highly specialized regions of the vestibular sensory epithelia that may provide acute feedback about head motion.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2019

Association between Japanese community health workers willingness to continue service and two categories of motives: altruistic and self-oriented

BackgroundAs population aging progresses, volunteers in health field are expected to play a key role in health promotion and disease prevention, which may improve community residents health and well-being and at the same time help curve healthcare cost. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of self-oriented motives and altruistic motives as explanatory factors for Japanese Community Health Workers (CHWs) desire to continue their service. Unraveling the relative effects of these two types of motivation on CHW retention may lead to policy and practical implications for recruiting, training, and supporting CHWs in Japan. Haddad (2007) observed that citizens in Japan generally have a sense of governmental and individual responsibility for dealing with social problems. Applying these insights to CHWs, we hypothesize that altruistic motives have more potent influence on volunteers willingness to continue to serve than self-oriented motives.\n\nMethodsThree cities in Shiga prefecture, Japan agreed to participate in the study. Anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was mailed to all CHWs who work in the three communities. The survey data were collected in March and April, 2013. A total of 417 questionnaires were mailed to CHWs, of which 346 were completed and returned (response rate 83.0%). Nine questionnaires missing response to the question concerning willingness to continue serving were removed from the analysis. The final analysis used 337 questionnaires (effective response rate 80.8%).\n\nResultsOne hundred ninety-nine (59.1%) of the respondents answered the question about willingness to continue CHW affirmatively, and 138 (40.9%) negatively. Controlling for other relevant factors, those with self-oriented motives in serving as CHWs were more likely to state they are willing to continue to serve (OR:1.54, confidence interval 1.00-2.37) than those without such motives. Contrary to our hypothesis, the effect of altruistic motives on respondents willingness to continue serving as CHWs was slightly larger than that of self-oriented motives; the odds ratio was 1.56(confidence interval 1.08-2.27).\n\nConclusionOne practical implication of the research is that learning more about the twin motives, self-oriented and altruistic, of volunteers and tailoring the content of CHW training to address those motives may be beneficial.

scientific communication and education↗