Astrocytes in the mouse visual cortex reliably respond to visual stimulation
Astrocytes are known to contact with a great number of synapses and may integrate sensory inputs. In the ferret primary visual cortex, astrocytes respond to a visual stimulus with a delay of several seconds with respect to the surrounding neurons. However, in the mouse visual cortex, it remains unclear whether astrocytes respond to visual stimulations. In this study, using dual-color simultaneous in vivo two-photon Ca2+ imaging of neurons and astrocytes in the awake mouse visual cortex, we examined the visual responsiveness of astrocytes and their precise response timing relative to the surrounding neurons. Neurons reliably responded to visual stimulations, whereas astrocytes often showed neuromodulator-mediated global activities, which largely masked small periodic activities. Administration of the selective 1-adrenergic receptor antagonist prazosin substantially reduced such global astrocytic activities without affecting the neuronal visual responses. In the presence of prazosin, astrocytes showed weak but consistent visual responses mostly at their somata. Cross-correlation analysis estimated that the astrocytic visual responses were delayed by approximately 5 s relative to the surrounding neuronal responses. In conclusion, our research demonstrated that astrocytes in the primary visual cortex of awake mice responded to visual stimuli with a delay of several seconds relative to the surrounding neurons, which may indicate the existence of a common mechanism of neuron-astrocyte communication across species.\n\nHighlightsO_LIWe performed dual-color in vivo two-photon Ca2+ imaging of neurons and astrocytes.\nC_LIO_LI1-adrenoblocker prazosin substantially reduced global astrocytic activities.\nC_LIO_LIAstrocytes showed weak but reliable visual responses in the awake mouse visual cortex.\nC_LIO_LIAstrocytic visual responses were delayed by 5 s relative to the neuronal ones.\nC_LI