Biology subjects

Ohkawa, N.

Publications and source records attributed to Ohkawa, N..

7 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2024

Dual roles of idling moments in past and future memories

Every day, we experience new daily episodes and store new memories. Although memories are stored in corresponding engram cells, how different sets of engram cells are selected for current and next episodes, and how they create their memories, remains unclear. We report that in mice, hippocampal CA1 neurons show an organized synchronous activity in prelearning home cage sleep that correlates with the learning ensembles only in engram cells, termed preconfigured ensembles. Moreover, after learning, a subset of nonengram cells develops population activity, which is constructed during postlearning offline periods through synaptic depression and scaling, and then emerges to represent engram cells for new learning. Together, our findings indicate that during offline periods there are two parallel processes occurring: conserving of past memories through reactivation, and preparation for upcoming ones through offline synaptic plasticity mechanisms.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2023

Activation of prefrontal parvalbumin interneurons ameliorates treatment-resistant working memory deficit even under continuous antipsychotic treatment in a mouse model of schizophrenia

BACKGROUNDOne of the critical unmet medical needs in schizophrenia is a remedy for cognitive deficits. However, the neural circuit mechanisms of them remain unresolved. In addition, despite the patients with schizophrenia cannot stop taking antipsychotics due to a high rate of discontinuation-induced relapse, previous studies using animal models of schizophrenia have not considered these clinical situations. METHODSHere, we employ multi-dimensional approaches, including histological analysis in the prelimbic cortex, LC-MS/MS-based in vivo dopamine D2 receptor occupancy analysis for antipsychotic drugs, in vivo calcium imaging and behavioral analyses of mice using chemogenetic manipulation, to investigate neural mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions for working memory deficit in a mouse model with chronic phencyclidine (PCP) administration that resembles the schizophrenia symptomatology. RESULTSChronic PCP administration led to abnormalities in excitatory and inhibitory synapses, including dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons, vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1) positive terminals, and parvalbumin (PV) positive GABAergic interneurons, in layer 2-3 of the prelimbic cortex. Continuous olanzapine, which achieved a sustained therapeutic window of dopamine D2 receptor occupancy (60-80%) in the striatum, did not affect these synaptic abnormalities and working memory deficit in the PCP-treated mice. We found that the selective prelimbic PV activation, using hM3D(Gq)-DREADD system confirmed by in vivo calcium imaging, restored working memory deficit, even under continuous olanzapine treatment. CONCLUSIONSOur study raises a possibility that intervention in prefrontal PV neurons leads to an add-on therapy to antipsychotics targeting amelioration of treatment-resistant cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2022

A novel micro-ECoG recording method for recording multisensory neural activity from the parietal to temporal cortexes in mice

Characterization of inter-regional interactions in brain is essential for understanding the mechanism relevant to normal brain function and neurological disease. The recently developed flexible micro ()-electrocorticography (ECoG) device is one prominent method used to examine large-scale cortical activity across multiple regions. The sheet-shaped ECoG electrodes arrays can be placed on a relatively wide area of cortical surface beneath the skull by inserting the device into the space between skull and brain. Although rats and mice are useful tools for neuroscience, current ECoG recording methods in these animals are limited to the parietal region of cerebral cortex. Recording cortical activity from the temporal region of cortex in mice has proven difficult because of surgical barriers created by the skull and surrounding temporalis muscle anatomy. Here, we developed a sheet-shaped 64-channel ECoG device that allows access to the mouse temporal cortex, and we determined the factor determining the appropriate bending stiffness for the ECoG electrode array. We also established a surgical technique to implant the electrode arrays into the epidural space over a wide area of cerebral cortex covering from the barrel field to olfactory (piriform) cortex, which is the deepest region of the cerebral cortex. Using histology and computed tomography (CT) images, we confirmed that the tip of the ECoG device reached to the most ventral part of cerebral cortex without causing noticeable damage to the brain surface. Moreover, the device simultaneously recorded somatosensory and odor stimulus-evoked neural activity from dorsal and ventral parts of cerebral cortex in awake and anesthetized mice. These data indicate that our ECoG device and surgical techniques enable the recording of large-scale cortical activity from the parietal to temporal cortex in mice, including somatosensory and olfactory cortices. This system will provide more opportunities for the investigation of physiological functions from wider areas of the mouse cerebral cortex than those currently available with existing ECoG techniques.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2022

HOTARU: Automatic sorting system for large scale calcium imaging data

Currently, calcium imaging allows long-term recording of large-scale neuronal activity in diverse states. However, it remains difficult to extract neuronal dynamics from recorded imaging data. In this study, we propose an improved constrained nonnegative matrix factorization (CNMF)-based algorithm and an effective method to extract cell shapes with fewer false positives and false negatives through image processing. We also show that the evaluation metrics obtained during image and signal processing can be combined and used for false-positive cell determination. For the CNMF algorithm, we combined cell-by-cell regularization and baseline shrinkage estimation, which greatly improved its stability and robustness. We applied these methods to real data and confirmed their effectiveness. Our method is simpler and faster, detects more cells with lower firing rates and signal-to-noise ratios, and enhances the quality of the extracted cell signals. These advances can improve the standard of downstream analysis and contribute to progress in neuroscience.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2021

Cortical cell ensemble control of past experience-dependent memory updating

When processing current sensory inputs, animals refer to related past experiences. Current information is then incorporated into the related neural network to update previously stored memories. However, the neuronal mechanism underlying the impact of memories of prior experiences on current learning is not well understood. Here, we found that a cellular ensemble in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) that is activated during past experience mediates an interaction between past and current information to update memory through a PPC-anterior cingulate cortex circuit in mice. Moreover, optogenetic silencing of the PPC ensemble immediately after retrieval dissociated the interaction without affecting individual memories stored in the hippocampus and amygdala. Thus, a specific subpopulation of PPC cells represents past information and instructs downstream brain regions to update previous memories.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2017

Automatic sorting system for large calcium imaging data

It has become possible to observe neural activity in freely moving animals via calcium imaging using a microscope, which could not be observed previously. However, it remains difficult to extract the dynamics of nerve cells from the recorded imaging data. In this study, we greatly improved the stability, and robustness of the cell activity estimation method via non-negative matrix decomposition with shrinkage estimation of the baseline. In addition, by improving the initial state of the iterative algorithm using a newly proposed method to extract the shape of the cell via image processing, a solution could be obtained with a small number of iterations. These methods were applied to artificial and real data, and their effectiveness was confirmed.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2017

Adult Neurogenesis Conserves Hippocampal Learning Capacity

Memory coding strengthens synaptic efficacy in the hippocampus via a long-term potentiation (LTP)-like mechanism. Given that animals are able to store memories of everyday experiences, hippocampal circuits should be able to avoid saturation of overall synaptic weight to preserve learning capacity. However, the underlying mechanism for this is still poorly understood. Here, we show that adult neurogenesis in rats plays a crucial role in the maintenance of the hippocampal learning capacity for learning. Artificial saturation with hippocampal LTP impaired learning capacity in contextual fear conditioning, which then completely recovered after 14 days, when LTP had decayed to the basal level. Ablation of neurogenesis by X-ray irradiation delayed the recovery of learning capacity, while enhancement of neurogenesis using running wheel sped up the recovery. Thus, one benefit of ongoing adult neurogenesis is the maintenance of hippocampal learning capacity through homeostatic renewing of hippocampal memory circuits. Decreased neurogenesis in aged animals may underlie declines in cognitive function with aging.

neuroscience↗