Biology subjects

Nunes, M. D. S.

Publications and source records attributed to Nunes, M. D. S..

6 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2024

Rewired gene interactions during development of serially homologous appendages in male and female Drosophila

Drosophila ventral appendages are considered to be serially homologous derived from a ventral appendage ground state and shaped by different Hox inputs. In the legs and antennae a combination of the transcription factors C15, LIM1 homeobox 1 (Lim1), and Al (Aristaless) is required for the development of the tarsal claws and aristae, respectively. However, the roles of these factors in genital development have remained unexplored. Here, we investigated the expression and function of C15, Lim1, and Al in the development of male and female terminalia (genitalia and analia). We found that C15 plays distinct roles in males and females, repressing male clasper bristle formation while promoting bristle development in the female epiproct. Unlike in the antennal and leg discs, C15, Lim1, and Al are not all simultaneously co-expressed in any anal or genital structures in either sex, indicating that the interactions among these factors have diverged across these appendages. Nevertheless, we inferred regulatory interactions between C15 and other factors, reflecting similarities between leg and male clasper development. Finally, we identified a male-specific C15 enhancer that is active in male claspers but not in the female epiproct, legs or antennae. This C15 enhancer modularity may underpin tissue- and sex-specific regulatory logic.

developmental biology↗

bioRxiv2023

Sox21b underlies the rapid diversification of a novel male genital structure between Drosophila species

The emergence and subsequent diversification of morphological novelties is a major feature of animal evolution1-9. However, in most cases little is known about the molecular basis of the evolution of novel structures and the genetic mechanisms underlying their diversification. The epandrial posterior lobes of the male genital arch is a novelty of some species of the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup10-13. The posterior lobes grasp the ovipositor of the female and then integrate between her abdominal tergites, and therefore these structures are important for copulation and species-recognition10-12,14-17. The posterior lobes evolved from co-option of a Hox regulated gene network from the posterior spiracles10 and have since diversified in shape and size in the D. simulans clade in particular over the last 240,000 years driven by sexual selection18-21. The genetic basis of this diversification is highly polygenic but to the best of our knowledge none of the causative genes have yet been identified despite extensive mapping22-30. Identifying the genes underlying the diversification of these secondary sexual structures is essential to understanding the basis of changes in their morphology and the evolutionary impact on copulation and species recognition. Here, we show that the transcription factor encoded by Sox21b negatively regulates posterior lobe size during development. This is consistent with higher and expanded expression of Sox21b in D. mauritiana, which develops smaller posterior lobes compared to D. simulans. We tested this by generating reciprocal hemizygotes and confirmed that changes in Sox21b underlie posterior lobe evolution between these two species. Furthermore, we found that differences in posterior lobe size caused by the species-specific allele of Sox21b significantly affect the duration of copulation. Taken together, our study reveals the genetic basis for the sexual selection driven diversification of a novel morphological structure and its functional impact on copulatory behaviour. HighlightsO_LISox21b regulates the development of the epandrial posterior lobes, a recently evolved novel structure of some species of the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup, which has subsequently rapidly diversified in size and shape. C_LIO_LID. mauritiana has smaller posterior lobes than D. simulans and more expansive expression of Sox21b in the developing genitalia. Using a reciprocal hemizygosity test, we show that variation in Sox21b underlies the diversification of epandrial posterior lobe size and shape between D. simulans and D. mauritiana. C_LIO_LIBehavioural tests show that the species allele of Sox21b causes differences in the duration of copulation in otherwise genetically identical backgrounds. C_LIO_LISox21b has evolved between D. simulans and D. mauritiana, and contributed to the divergence of a morphological novelty and copulatory behaviour between these two species. C_LI

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2020

Unravelling the genetic basis for the rapid diversification of male genital structures between Drosophila species

In the last 240,000 years, males of the Drosophila simulans species clade have evolved striking differences in the morphology of their epandrial posterior lobes and claspers (surstyli). These changes have most likely been driven by sexual selection and mapping studies indicate a highly polygenic and generally additive genetic basis. However, we have limited understanding of the gene regulatory networks that control the development of genital structures and how they evolved to result in this rapid phenotypic diversification. Here, we used new D. simulans / D. mauritiana introgression lines on chromosome 3L to generate higher resolution maps of posterior lobe and clasper differences between these species. We then carried out RNA-seq on the developing genitalia of both species to identify the genes expressed during this process and those that are differentially expressed between the two species. This allowed us to test the function of expressed positional candidates during genital development in D. melanogaster. We identified several new genes involved in the development and possibly the evolution of these genital structures, including the transcription factors Hairy and Grunge. Furthermore, we discovered that during clasper development Hairy negatively regulates tartan, a gene known to contribute to divergence in clasper morphology. Taken together our results provide new insights into the regulation of genital development and how this evolves between species.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2019

Characterisation of the genetic architecture underlying eye size variation within Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans

The compound eyes of insects exhibit striking variation in size, reflecting adaptation to different lifestyles and habitats. However, the genetic and developmental bases of variation in insect eye size is poorly understood, which limits our understanding of how these important morphological differences evolve. To address this, we further explored natural variation in eye size within and between four species of the Drosophila melanogaster species subgroup. We found extensive variation in eye size among these species, and flies with larger eyes generally had a shorter inter-ocular distance and vice versa. We then carried out quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping of intra-specific variation in eye size and inter-ocular distance in both D. melanogaster and D. simulans. This revealed that different genomic regions underlie variation in eye size and inter-ocular distance in both species, which we corroborated by introgression mapping in D. simulans. This suggests that although there is a trade-off between eye size and inter-ocular distance, variation in these two traits is likely to be caused by different genes and so can be genetically decoupled. Finally, although we detected QTL for intra-specific variation in eye size at similar positions in D. melanogaster and D. simulans, we observed differences in eye fate commitment between strains of these two species. This indicates that different developmental mechanisms and therefore, most likely, different genes contribute to eye size variation in these species. Taken together with the results of previous studies, our findings suggest that the gene regulatory network that specifies eye size has evolved at multiple genetic nodes to give rise to natural variation in this trait within and among species.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2018

tartan underlies the evolution of male genital morphology

Male genital structures are among the most rapidly evolving morphological traits and are often the only features that can distinguish closely related species. This process is thought to be driven by sexual selection and may reinforce species separation. However, while the genetic basis of many phenotypic differences have been identified, we still lack knowledge about the genes underlying evolutionary differences in male genital organs and organ size more generally. The claspers (surstyli) are periphallic structures that play an important role in copulation in insects. Here we show that natural variation in clasper size and bristle number between Drosophila mauritiana and D. simulans is caused by evolutionary changes in tartan (trn), which encodes a transmembrane leucine-rich repeat domain protein that mediates cell-cell interactions and affinity differences. There are no fixed amino acid differences in trn between D. mauritiana and D. simulans but differences in the expression of this gene in developing genitalia suggest cis-regulatory changes in trn underlie the evolution of clasper morphology in these species. Finally, analysis of reciprocal hemizyotes that are genetically identical, except for which species the functional allele of trn is from, determined that the trn allele of D. mauritiana specifies larger claspers with more bristles than the allele of D. simulans. Therefore we have identified the first gene underlying evolutionary change in the size of a male genital organ, which will help to better understand the rapid diversification of these structures and the regulation and evolution of organ size more broadly.\n\nSignificance StatementThe morphology of male genital organs evolves rapidly driven by sexual selection. However, little is known about the genes underlying genitalia differences between species. Identifying these genes is key to understanding how sexual selection acts on development to produce rapid phenotypic change. We have found that the gene tartan underlies differences between male Drosophila mauritiana and D. simulans in the size and bristle number of the claspers - genital projections that grasp the female during copulation. Moreover, since tartan encodes a protein that is involved in cell affinity, this may represent a new developmental mechanism for morphological change. Therefore, our study provides new insights into genetic and developmental bases for the rapid evolution of male genitalia and organ size more generally.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2017

Gene regulatory network architecture in different developmental contexts influences the genetic basis of morphological evolution

Convergent phenotypic evolution is often caused by recurrent changes at particular nodes in the underlying gene regulatory networks (GRNs). The genes at such evolutionary hotspots are thought to maximally affect the phenotype with minimal pleiotropic consequences. This has led to the suggestion that if a GRN is understood in sufficient detail, the path of evolution may be predictable. The repeated evolutionary loss of larval trichomes among Drosophila species is caused by the loss of shavenbaby (svb) expression. svb is also required for development of leg trichomes, but the evolutionary gain of trichomes in the naked valley on T2 femurs in Drosophila melanogaster is caused by the loss of microRNA-92a (miR-92a) expression rather than changes in svb. We compared the expression and function of components between the larval and leg trichome GRNs to investigate why the genetic basis of trichome pattern evolution differs in these developmental contexts. We found key differences between the two networks in both the genes employed, and in the regulation and function of common genes. These differences in the GRNs reveal why mutations in svb are unlikely to contribute to leg trichome evolution and how instead miR-92a represents the key evolutionary switch in this context. Our work shows that variability in GRNs across different developmental contexts, as well as whether a morphological feature is lost versus gained, influence the nodes at which a GRN evolves to cause morphological change. Therefore, our findings have important implications for understanding the pathways and predictability of evolution.\n\nAuthor SummaryA major goal of biology is to identify the genetic cause of organismal diversity. Convergent evolution of traits is often caused by changes in the same genes - evolutionary hotspots. shavenbaby is a hotspot for larval trichome loss in Drosophila, however microRNA-92a underlies the gain of leg trichomes. To understand this difference in the genetics of phenotypic evolution, we compared the expression and function of genes in the underlying regulatory networks. We found that the pathway of evolution is influenced by differences in gene regulatory network architecture in different developmental contexts, as well as by whether a trait is lost or gained. Therefore, hotspots in one context may not readily evolve in a different context. This has important implications for understanding the genetic basis of phenotypic change and the predictability of evolution.

evolutionary biology↗