Type 2 diabetes remodels collateral circulation and promotes leukocyte adhesion following ischemic stroke
AbstractType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with impaired leptomeningeal collateral compensation and poor stroke outcome. Neutrophils tethering and rolling on endothelium after stroke can also independently reduce flow velocity. However, the chronology and topological changes in collateral circulation in T2DM is not yet defined. Here, we describe the spatial and temporal blood flow dynamics and vessel remodeling in pial arteries and veins and leukocyte- endothelial adhesion following middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke using two-photon microscopy in awake control and T2DM mice. Relative to control mice prior to stroke, T2DM mice already exhibited smaller pial vessels with reduced flow velocity. Following stroke, T2DM mice displayed persistently reduced blood flow in pial arteries and veins, resulting in a poor recovery of downstream penetrating arterial flow and a sustained deficit in microvascular flow. There was also persistent increase of leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium of veins, coincided with elevated neutrophils infiltration into brain parenchyma in T2DM mice compared to control mice after stroke. Our data suggest that T2DM-induced increase in chronic inflammation may contribute to the remodeling of leptomeningeal collateral circulation and the observed hemodynamics deficiency that potentiates poor stroke outcome. HighlightsO_LIBlood flow and leukocyte imaging in awake mice by two-photon microscopy before and after stroke under physiological conditions C_LIO_LIT2DM induces collateral remodeling prior to stroke C_LIO_LIT2DM reduces blood flow and impedes recovery in pial arteries and veins after ischemic stroke C_LIO_LIPoor recovery of penetrating arterial flow and sustained deficit in microvascular flow after ischemic stroke in T2DM mice C_LIO_LIT2DM increases persistent leukocyte adhesion to endothelium of veins and elevates neutrophils infiltration into the brain parenchyma after ischemic stroke. C_LI