Dysregulated MEG3 in Myotonic Dystrophy 1: nuclear retention, pathological role, and therapeutic correction by antisense conjugates.
MEG3, a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), has been shown to play a critical role in regulating apoptosis. Its downregulation inhibits apoptosis in cancer cells, whereas its upregulation has been associated with cell death in both cardiovascular disease and, more recently, Alzheimers Disease. Here we show that MEG3 is upregulated in Myotonic Dystrophy 1 (DM1). Specifically, we show MEG3 upregulation by several-fold in DM1 human muscle cells and in two DM1 mouse models, HSA-LR and LC15. In human DM1 muscle cells we observe nuclear retention of MEG3 and an increase in its transcript diversity. Furthermore, we observe a general trend of nuclear retention in DM1 affecting lncRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs), in contrast to mRNAs, when compared to healthy cells. This altered nuclear retention may contribute to the pathological effects of non-coding RNA dysregulation in DM1. Importantly, we demonstrate that treatment with antisense conjugates targeting the repeat expansion causing DM1, an approach currently being tested in Clinical Trials, corrects MEG3 levels in HSA-LR mice, without additional therapeutic interventions targeting MEG3.