Ulcerative colitis is characterized by amplified acute inflammation with delayed resolution
The cause of chronic inflammation in ulcerative colitis (UC) is incompletely understood. Here we tested the hypothesis that an excessive acute inflammatory response to bacteria contributes to the pathogenesis. Acute inflammatory responses were provoked in vivo in UC patients and healthy controls by intradermal inoculation with bacteria. Vascular responses were quantified by laser Doppler. Inflammatory exudates were recovered in superimposed suction blisters and cells measured by polychromatic flow cytometry, cytokines by multiplex array, and inflammatory lipids by mass spectrometry. Vascular responses in UC patients were heightened at 24h after bacterial injection (p=0{middle dot}03), and remained abnormally high at 48h (p=0{middle dot}0005) and this amplified response was seen in UC with Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative organisms (p=0{middle dot}01). The cellular infiltrate over the injection site, composed largely of neutrophils at 4 hours a was greater in UC (p=0{middle dot}002). At 48h, the increased numbers of cells in UC were composed of neutrophils (p=0{middle dot}001) and CD4 lymphocytes (p=0{middle dot}001). The exaggerated inflammation in UC was not a cytokine-driven phenomenon. Exaggerated onset was normalised in patients taking 5-aminosalicylates, accompanied by increased concentrations of hydroxy fatty acids 9-oxo-octadecadienoic acid (OxoODE; p=0{middle dot}05) and 13-OxoODE (p=0{middle dot}01) in resolving exudates. In vitro, these compounds suppressed macrophage inflammatory cytokine secretion through PPAR{gamma} (p<0{middle dot}0001). Conversely, 5-aminosalicylates did not inhibit early inflammatory reactions in control participants. Acute inflammatory responses to bacteria in UC are both overly exuberant and slow to resolve. Neutrophils accumulate in excess and persist, in keeping with the pathological appearances of disease flares. These studies also provide new insight into the mechanism of 5-aminosalicylate (5ASA) drugs, which act as pro-resolution rather than indiscriminate anti-inflammatory agents by promoting formation of immunomodulatory hydroxy lipids. While production of these lipids is not defective as part of the underlying disease process, this identifies a novel mechanism of drug action harnessing pro-resolution pathways. SummaryWysoczanski and colleagues demonstrate that the inflammatory response to injected bacteria is exaggerated and prolonged in ulcerative colitis. This disordered inflammation appears to be associated with increased secretion of PGE2. 5-aminosalicylate drugs, which are used to treat this condition, normalize inflammation and PGE2 secretion, and appear to work through PPAR{gamma}