Biology subjects

Mueller, C. W.

Publications and source records attributed to Mueller, C. W..

4 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2022

Architecture of the yeast Pol III pre-termination complex and pausing mechanism on poly-dT termination signals

RNA polymerase (Pol) III is specialized to transcribe short, abundant RNAs, for which it terminates transcription on poly-thymine (dT) stretches on the non-template (NT) strand. When Pol III reaches the termination signal, it pauses and forms the pre-termination complex (PTC). Here, we report cryo-EM structures of the yeast Pol III PTC and complementary functional states at 2.7-3.9 [A] resolution. Pol III recognizes the poly-dT termination signal with subunit C128 that forms a hydrogen-bond network with the NT-strand and, thereby, induces pausing. Mutating key interacting residues interferes with transcription termination in vitro, impairs yeast growth, and causes global termination defects in vivo confirming our structural results. Additional cryo-EM analysis reveals that C53-C37, a Pol III subcomplex and key termination factor, participates indirectly in Pol III termination. We propose a mechanistic model of Pol III transcription termination and rationalize why Pol III, unlike Pol I and Pol II, terminates on poly-dT signals.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2021

Condensate-mediated reactivation of mumps virus infection under stress

Many viruses can establish long-term persistent infections in the human host and cause chronic diseases. Here we combine cell biology, whole-cell proteomics and cryo-electron tomography to uncover how cellular stress disrupts the host-virus equilibrium in persistent infection and induces viral replication, using a model of negative-stranded RNA viruses, the mumps virus. We show that phosphorylation of the largely disordered viral phosphoprotein coincides with increased partitioning of viral polymerase into pre-formed liquid-like condensates and the formation of a stable replication machinery. By obtaining the first atomic models for the authentic mumps virus nucleocapsid, we elucidate a concomitant conformational change that exposes the viral genome to its replication machinery. These events that occur within viral condensates upon stress, together with concerted down-regulation of the host antiviral defense, provide an environment that supports up-regulation of viral replication and constitute a stress-mediated switch that disrupts the host-virus equilibrium in persistent infection. In BriefA multi-scale approach uncovers molecular and structural basis of how cellular stress provokes activation of persistent viral infection mediated by biomolecular condensates.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2021

Linking rhizosphere processes across scales: Opinion

PurposeSimultaneously interacting small-scale rhizosphere processes determine emergent plant-scale behaviour, including growth, transpiration, nutrient uptake, soil carbon storage and transformation by microorganisms. Current advances in modelling and experimental methods open the path to unravel and link those processes. MethodsWe present a series of examples of state-of-the art simulations addressing this multi-scale, multi-process problem from a modelling point of view, as well as from the point of view of integrating newly available rhizosphere data and images. ResultsEach example includes a model that links scales and experimental data to set-up simulations that explain and predict spatial and temporal distribution of rhizodeposition as driven by root architecture development, soil structure, presence of root hairs, soil water content and distribution of soil water. Furthermore, two models explicitly simulate the impact of the rhizodeposits on plant nutrient uptake and soil microbial activity, respectively. This exemplifies the currently available state of the art modelling tools in this field: image-based modelling, pore-scale modelling, continuum scale modelling and functional-structural plant modelling. We further show how to link the pore scale to the continuum scale by homogenisation or by deriving effective physical parameters like viscosity from nano-scale chemical properties. ConclusionModelling allows to integrate and make use of new experimental data across different rhizosphere processes (and thus across different disciplines) and scales. Described models are tools to test hypotheses and consequently improve our mechanistic understanding of how rhizosphere processes impact plant-scale behaviour. Linking multiple scales and processes is the logical next step for future research.

bioengineering↗

bioRxiv2021

A Modular Platform for Streamlining Automated Cryo-FIB Workflows

Lamella micromachining by focused ion beam milling at cryogenic temperature (cryo-FIB) has matured into a preparation method widely used for cellular cryo-electron tomography. Due to the limited ablation rates of low Ga+ ion beam currents required to maintain the structural integrity of vitreous specimens, current preparation protocols are time-consuming and labor intensive. The improved stability of new generation cryo-FIB instruments now enables automated operations. Here, we present an open-source software tool, SerialFIB, for creating automated and customizable cryo-FIB preparation protocols. The software encompasses a graphical user interface for easy execution of routine lamellae preparations, a scripting module compatible with available python packages, and interfaces with 3-dimensional correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) tools. The software enables the streamlining of advanced cryo-FIB protocols such as multi-modal imaging, CLEM guided preparation and in situ lamella lift-out procedures. Our software therefore provides a foundation for further development of advanced cryogenic imaging and sample preparation protocols.

biophysics↗