Insect egg-killing: a new front on the evolutionary arms-race between Brassicaceae plants and Pierid butterflies
Evolutionary arms-races between plants and herbivores have been proposed to generate key innovations that can drive diversification of the interacting species. Recent studies reveal that plant traits that target herbivore insect eggs are widespread throughout the plant kingdom. Within the Brassicaceae family, some plants express a hypersensitive response (HR)-like necrosis underneath the eggs of specialist cabbage white butterflies (Pieridae) that leads to eggs desiccating or dropping of the leaf. Here, we studied the evolutionary basis of this trait, its egg-killing effect on and elicitation by specialist butterflies, by screening 31 Brassicaceae species and nine Pieridae species. We show that induction of HR-like necrosis by pierid egg deposition is clade-specific in the economically important Brassiceae tribe (Brassica crops and close-relatives) and in the first-branching genus Aethionema. The necrosis is elicited only by pierid butterflies that feed on Brassicaceae plants; four Pieris and Anthocharis cardamines butterflies, of which the larvae are specialists on Brassicaceae, elicited a HR-like necrosis. Eggs of pierid butterflies that feed on Rhamnaceae (Gonepteryx rhamni) or Fabaceae (Colias spp.) however, did not elicit such a leaf necrosis. Finally, eggs of Aglais io, a species of the sister group Nymphalidae, did not elicit any visible response. Counter-adaptations to HR-like necrosis might have evolved by insect deposition of eggs in clusters or on inflorescences. Our findings suggest that the plants egg-killing trait is a new front on the evolutionary arms-race between Brassicaceae and pierid butterflies beyond the well-studied chemical defence traits against caterpillars.