ApoE4 Promotes Thrombosis via Endothelial Cell ApoER2 and PP2A Activation
Background: APOE4, the variant of apolipoprotein E carried by 25% of individuals, is a common genetic risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although ApoE classically participates in lipid transport, APOE4-associated risk goes beyond impact on circulating lipids. Life-threatening CVD events including myocardial infarction and stroke are driven by atherogenesis and thrombosis. In mice ApoE4 increases atherosclerosis severity, but whether other major drivers of CVD events are influenced by ApoE4 is unknown. Methods: GWAS data for venous thromboembolism (VTE) were analyzed. In humanized APOE3 (hE3) and APOE4 (hE4) mice, thrombosis was assessed by intravital microscopy (IVM) in the mesenteric microcirculation and by inferior vena cava (IVC) partial ligation. Actions of ApoE3 versus ApoE4 on endothelial cells (EC) and their underpinnings were studied in cultured human and mouse aortic EC, interrogating interactomes with immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry and quantifying the secretion of Von Willebrand Factor (vWF), a critical initiator of thrombosis. Single cell transcriptomics datasets were queried do localize endothelial cell gene expression. Results: GWAS showed that APOE4 is associated with increased VTE risk, and whereas plasma lipids were similar, both microvascular and venous thrombosis were markedly increased in hE4 compared to hE3 mice. In cultured EC, whereas ApoE3 attenuated vWF secretion, it was enhanced by ApoE4, and both processes were mediated by ApoE receptor 2 (ApoER2). ApoE4, but not ApoE3, suppressed VEGF eNOS activation and NO production by causing the recruitment of the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) catalytic subunit to ApoER2 and the activation of PP2A. PP2A deletion prevented ApoE4-induced eNOS antagonism and vWF secretion by preserving Akt activation, and the NO donor spermine NONOate negated apoE4 stimulation of vWF secretion. PP2A activity was increased in hE4 aortas and IVC, and EC ApoER2 deletion or pharmacologic PP2A inhibition fully prevented exaggerated thrombosis in hE4 mice. In human great saphenous vein ApoER2 is primarily expressed in valvular endothelium. Conclusions: APOE4 is a risk allele for thrombosis, and ApoE4 is prothrombotic in microvasculature and veins in mice. Mechanistically, the ApoE4-EC ApoER2 tandem enhances vWF secretion by recruiting and activating PP2A and antagonizing eNOS, resulting in exaggerated thrombosis. In human veins ApoER2 is expressed in valvular endothelium, which is the most common site of initiation of venous thrombosis. Targeting these processes may afford protection from both primary thrombotic disorders like VTE and acute CVD events such as myocardial infarction and stroke in 25% of the population.