Integrated Single-Cell Genotyping and Chromatin Accessibility Charts JAK2V617F Human Hematopoietic Differentiation
In normal somatic tissue differentiation, changes in chromatin accessibility govern priming and commitment of precursors towards cellular fates. In turn, somatic mutations can disrupt differentiation topologies leading to abnormal clonal outgrowth. However, defining the impact of somatic mutations on the epigenome in human samples is challenging due to admixed mutated and wildtype cells. To chart how somatic mutations disrupt epigenetic landscapes in human clonal outgrowths, we developed Genotyping of Targeted loci with single-cell Chromatin Accessibility (GoT-ChA). This high-throughput, broadly accessible platform links genotypes to chromatin accessibility at single-cell resolution, across thousands of cells within a single assay. We applied GoT-ChA to CD34+ cells from myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) patients with JAK2V617F-mutated hematopoiesis, where the JAK2 mutation is known to perturb hematopoietic differentiation. Differential accessibility analysis between wildtype and JAK2V617F mutant progenitors revealed both cell-intrinsic and cell state-specific shifts within mutant hematopoietic precursors. An early subset of mutant hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) exhibited a cell-intrinsic pro-inflammatory signature characterized by increased NF-{kappa}B and JUN/FOS transcription factor motif accessibility. In addition, mutant HSPCs showed increased myeloid/erythroid epigenetic priming, preceding increased erythroid and megakaryocytic cellular output. Erythroid progenitors displayed aberrant regulation of the {gamma}-globin locus, providing an intrinsic epigenetic basis for the dysregulated fetal hemoglobin expression observed in MPNs. In contrast, megakaryocytic progenitors exhibited a more specialized inflammatory chromatin landscape relative to early HSPCs, with increased accessibility of pro-fibrotic JUN/FOS transcription factors. Notably, analysis of myelofibrosis patients treated with JAK inhibitors revealed an overall loss of mutant-specific phenotypes without modifying clonal burden, consistent with clinical responses. Finally, expansion of the multi-modality capability of GoT-ChA to integrate mitochondrial genome profiling and cell surface protein expression measurement enabled genotyping imputation and discovery of aberrant cellular phenotypes. Collectively, we show that the JAK2V617F mutation leads to epigenetic rewiring in a cell-intrinsic and cell type-specific manner. We envision that GoT-ChA will thus serve as a foundation for broad future explorations to uncover the critical link between mutated somatic genotypes and epigenetic alterations across clonal populations in malignant and non-malignant contexts.