Biology subjects

Mei, J.

Publications and source records attributed to Mei, J..

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

A Chairside Multimodal Platform for Temporomandibular Joint Biomechanical Assessment: Technical Evaluation and Illustrative Application

BackgroundTemporomandibular joint (TMJ) biomechanics can be characterized by mandibular motion, masticatory muscle activity, and bite force generation. When acquired synchronously, these functional variables can serve as model-ready inputs for subject-specific computational analyses of internal joint mechanics. However, existing tools typically measure these signals using separate hardware and software platforms, limiting synchronized acquisition within a clinically practical chairside workflow. MethodsWe developed and technically evaluated a compact multimodal platform for chairside acquisition of TMJ functional data and demonstrated its analytical utility in an illustrative orthognathic surgery application. The platform integrates motion, bite force, muscle activity, acoustic, and event-timing measurements with software for real-time preview, protocol guidance, and synchronized export. We assessed technical performance and chairside feasibility and analyzed representative pre- and postoperative data from an orthognathic surgery patient using kinematic, force-control, and computational modeling workflows. FindingsMotion capture demonstrated submillimeter accuracy, with static and dynamic errors of approximately 0.04 mm and 0.12 mm. Bite force sensors showed excellent linearity (R{superscript 2} = 0.998). Chairside deployment required approximately 15 minutes each for setup and data collection. The illustrative case demonstrated that synchronized chairside data can support preoperative and postoperative kinematic analysis, bite force control capacity assessment, and estimation of TMJ disc stress. InterpretationThe proposed platform enables time-efficient chairside acquisition of synchronized, model-ready multimodal datasets for quantitative TMJ biomechanical assessment. This platform and workflow could support subject-specific biomechanical analysis and future clinical studies of temporomandibular joint function.

bioengineering↗

bioRxiv2026

Origin and evolution of grapevine genomes

Grapevines (Vitis) belonging to grape family (Vitaceae) are symbolic fruit crops pivotal to human civilization. The evolutionary history of grapevines divergent from other Vitaceae plants remains mysterious, requiring a family-wide whole-genome phylogenomic analysis. Here, we conduct chromosome-level phylogenomics to investigate the origin and evolution of grapevines using 29 genome assemblies of five genera Vitis, Parthenocissus, Ampelopsis, Tetrastigma, and Cissus, 27 of which are newly released in this study. Phylogenomic and macrosynteny analysis unanimously support Ampelopsis as a sister lineage to Parthenocissus, placing both closer to Vitis, with introgression and incomplete lineage sorting contributing to these relationships. Ancestral genome reconstruction delineates the major chromosome rearrangement events in Vitaceae karyotype evolution, highlighting the conserved karyotype in Vitis and the extensive karyotypic reorganization in Tetrastigma and Cissus. Pan-3D genome analysis highlights the contributions of structural variants (SVs) to the variation of A/B compartments and topologically associated domains (TADs), revealing a strong purifying selection of SVs at TAD boundaries. We further demonstrate that Helitron transposons drive the expansion and expression regulation of NLR immune-receptor genes in Vitis. Importantly, we discovered an NLR gene VbRpv35 from wild grapevine V. bellula resistant to downy mildew (DM), whose heterologous expression in V. vinifera confers enhanced DM resistance. Taken together, we provide phylogenomic insight into the origin and evolution of grapevines and valuable resources for grapevine improvement and understanding angiosperm evolution.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2026

Clinical Metabolomics studies in diagnosing Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: Unveiling Trends through Bibliometric Analysis

BackgroundPrediabetes is the transitional stage preceding the onset of type 2 diabetes. Due to its asymptomatic nature and slow progression, conventional screening methods frequently fail to identify individuals in this prediabetic stage. Therefore, this study employs bibliometric methods to reveal the abnormal changes in clinically relevant metabolites in diabetes, providing evidence for early diagnosis, pathogenesis, and precision interventions. MethodsSearch the Web of Science Core Collection database for all papers on metabolomics related to prediabetes and type 2 diabetes clinical research from the databases inception until May 2025. Use VOSviewer and CiteSpace software to perform bibliometric analysis on the included literature. ResultsA total of 1,742 studies were ultimately included in the review of the literature. Researchers from China, the United States, and Germany, as well as institutions, have made significant contributions to metabolomics research in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. The highest number of publications and citations was from the journals Metabolites and Diabetes. The current research hotspots in this field, as determined by keyword co-occurrence and clustering analysis, include metabolomics, insulin resistance, obesity, risk factors, biomarkers, gut microbiota, amino acids, lipidomics, and mass spectrometry. ConclusionThe outcomes of the study are instrumental in enabling scholars to comprehend the developmental trajectory of metabolites associated with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes and facilitate the rapid identification of emerging research pathways.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2026

Spatiotemporal Mapping of Tertiary Lymphoid Structure Heterogeneity Shapes Immune Niches and Clinical Outcomes in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is a highly lethal malignancy with limited therapeutic options. The spatial architecture and functional diversity of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) in iCCA remain unclear. Here, we present a multimodal spatial atlas of TLSs and identified Intra-tumoral TLSs (iTLSs) as independent prognostic markers. Bulk proteomic profiling of 214 discovery and 155 validation cases identified a four-tier TLS-based TME classification system and supported development of a TLS-predictive random forest classifier. Imaging mass cytometry revealed that iTLS tumors harbor structured immune architectures, where M1-like tissue-resident macrophages (RTMs), dendritic cells, and CXCL13 CD4 T cells co-localize to form antigen-presenting neighborhoods (apc-CNs) spatially coupled to TLS core regions (TLScore-CNs). Single-cell spatial transcriptomics further resolved 61 TLSs into 14 spatial niches and defined a pseudo-temporal maturation continuum: aggregated, activated, and post-activated. Intra-niche communication, primarily mediated by ifnCAFs, iCAFs, and CXCL12 macrophages, evolved dynamically with maturation. Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing combined with Tangram-based spatial mapping revealed CXCL12 macrophages and iCAFs forming a peripheral band in aggregated TLSs, while ifnCAFs infiltrated TLS interiors during activation. These findings define TLS heterogeneity and provide insights for stroma-directed immunotherapy. TeaserAn atlas of tertiary lymphoid structures reveals immune-stroma interactions in Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2025

An extensive forward genetic screen identifies the HWS-AGO1 axis as pivotal for target mimicry-mediated miRNA degradation in Arabidopsis

Target RNAs have emerged as key regulators of miRNA stability, thereby influencing development and physiological processes in both plants and animals. The F-box protein HAWAIIAN SKIRT (HWS) has been characterized as a crucial factor in targeted miRNA degradation in plants (pTMD), a process triggered by a specific type of target RNA called target mimicry. However, the precise mechanism by which HWS functions is still poorly understood. We previously established a genetic reporter system based on Short Tandem Target Mimicry of miR160 (STTM160) triggered miR160 degradation, resulting in pleiotropic developmental defects that are easy to monitor. Here, through an extensive forward genetic screen, we identified fourteen additional hws alleles that near-completely restored STTM160-induced developmental defects, highlighting a central role for HWS in pTMD. Intriguingly, we discovered two adjacent amino acid substitutions (R421K and G422D) in the PAZ domain of AGO1 that significantly suppressed the STTM160 phenotype. Similar to HWS dysfunction, the AGO1 R421K substitution caused a significant retention of target mimicry RNAs in AGO1 immunoprecipitates, suggesting that the R421 residue of AGO1 may cooperate with HWS for the clearance of AGO1-miRNA-target mimicry complexes. Although the R/G mutations only impacted a small set of endogenous miRNA levels, they were sufficient to rescue the developmental defects caused by HWS overexpression (HWS-OE), suggesting that the developmental abnormalities caused by HWS-OE largely depend on the AGO1-miRNA pathway. Taken together, our findings provide a solid genetic evidence for the coordination of HWS and AGO1 in pTMD.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Grapevine phyllosphere pan-metagenomics reveals pan-microbiome structure, diversity, and functional roles in downy mildew resistance

Grapevines are among the most economically important fruit crops, and microbiome profoundly influence their health, yield, and quality. However, mechanistic insights into microbiome-orchestrated grapevine biology remain limited. Here, we conduct large-scale pan-metagenomic and pan-metatranscriptomic analyses of the phyllosphere microbiome from 107 grapevine accessions spanning 34 Vitis species. We show that the grapevine core microbiome is dominated by phylum Bacillota and Pseudomonadota. Leveraging PacBio sequencing, we assembled 19 high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the grapevine pan-microbiome, representing the first MAG reconstruction in plant-associated microbial communities using PacBio reads. These MAGs encode genes associated with antibiotic resistance, secondary metabolism, and carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), which could potentially influence grapevine biology. During downy mildew (DM) infection, DM-resistant grapevines exhibit significantly higher microbial network complexity than susceptible counterparts. Among the key taxa contributing to this complexity, Bacillota emerged as the dominant phylum with displaying strong abundance correlations with phylum Euglenozoa and Cyanobacteriota, and an isolated Bacillota species from the grapevine leaves, Bacillus cereus, demonstrated potent biocontrol activity against DM infection. Pan-metatranscriptomic analysis further revealed significant upregulation of eukaryotic microbial genes involved in primary and secondary metabolism. This pan-metagenomic study offers unprecedented insights into the complex structure, diversity and functional roles of grapevine phyllosphere microbiome, and presents valuable genomic and microbial resources for microbiome research and engineering to enhance viticulture productivity and quality.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2025

Layered stomatal immunity contributes to resistance of Vitis riparia against downy mildew Plasmopara viticola

Downy mildew (DM), caused by Plasmopara viticola, is one of the most serious grapevine diseases. Resistant grapevines are a well-known tool for mitigating pathogen-caused damage. We evaluated 29 global grapevine cultivars from 7 species for the sensitivity to P. viticola. Chardonnay belonging to the sensitive species V. vinifera and Qingdahean belonging to the well-known resistant species V. riparia were chosen for further investigation on the resistance mechanism against DM. Unlike Chardonnay, Qingdahean exerted an inhibitory effect on stomatal targeting, suppression of stomatal closure, stomatal penetration of P. viticola, and the development of primary hyphae and haustoria during the early phase of infection, and contained higher levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), which was significantly increased by P. viticola infection, toxic to the pathogen and had an interfering effect on the stomatal targeting. Furthermore, Qingdahean resisted pathogen invasion through the rapid induction of guard cell death and the hypersensitive responses (HR) of other cell types. These findings suggest that resistance to P. viticola consists of layered stomatal immunity in addition to the well-known HR in V. riparia, which is overcome by the pathogen in V. vinifera.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2024

Super Enhancer-driven LncRNA UNC5B-AS1 Inhibits Inflammatory Phenotypic Transition in Smooth Muscle Cells via Lactylation Modification

BackgroundThe phenotypic transition of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) is a central pathological alteration in pulmonary artery remodeling that contributes to pulmonary hypertension (PH). The specific role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), especially super enhancer (SE)-driven lncRNAs, in the phenotypic transformation of PASMCs induced by hypoxia remains unclear. The objective of this study is to determine the mechanistic role of the super enhancer-driven LncRNA UNC5B-AS1 in phenotypic transformation of PASMCs and hypoxia-induced vascular remodeling. MethodsThe lncRNA UNC5B-AS1 regulated by super-enhancers was identified in hypoxic human PASMCs through RNA sequencing and H3K27ac ChIP sequencing. Overexpression of lncRNA UNC5B-AS1 in human PASMCs was performed to elucidate its role in the pathogenesis of PH. A conserved functional fragment of lncRNA UNC5B-AS1 was used for the treatment of mouse PH. ResultsIn PASMCs, we have identified a SE-driven lncRNA called UNC5B-AS1 that regulates phenotype transition. It is transcriptionally activated by the transcription factor FOXP3. We demonstrate that UNC5B-AS1, as a molecular scaffold in mitochondria, stabilizes the interaction between LRPPRC, which is rich in leucine, and oxidative respiratory chain complex IV. This complex regulates the lactylation modification level of upstream promoter regions of inflammatory genes IL-1{beta}, IL-6, and TNF- by influencing the glycolytic pathway in PASMCs under hypoxic conditions, ultimately affecting the inflammatory phenotype transition of PASMCs. ConclusionsOur findings identify the SE-driven lncRNA UNC5B-AS1 as a novel regulatory factor in hypoxia-induced phenotypic switch of PASMCs, and suggest that overexpression of UNC5B-AS1 may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for PH. HighlightsThe long non-coding RNA UNC5B-AS1, regulated by super-enhancers (SE), is downregulated in hypoxic PASMCs, and regulates PASMC phenotype transition through glycolysis. The super-enhancer region of lncRNA UNC5B-AS1 recruits the transcription factor FOXP3 to its promoter region, forming a chromatin loop to regulate its expression. The lncRNA UNC5B-AS1 acts as a molecular scaffold stabilizing the interaction between LRPPRC and mitochondrial complex IV. The lactate generated by glycolysis activation induces lactylation modification of histones at the IL-1{beta}, IL-6, and TNF- promoters, leading to the inflammatory phenotype transition of PASMCs. Overexpression of lncRNA UNC5B-AS1 conserved fragment reversed SuHx-induced PH in mice. O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=121 SRC="FIGDIR/small/593065v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (31K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@864576org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13a5fe4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16d7884org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@35d50_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2024

Super Pangenome of Grapevines Empowers Improvement of the Oldest Domesticated Fruit

Grapevine (Vitis) is the oldest domesticated fruit crop with great cultural and economic importance. Here, we assemble and annotate haplotype-resolved genomes of 72 Vitis accessions including 25 wild and 47 cultivated grapevines, and a haplotype-resolved complete genome of V. vinifera. Coalescent phylogenomics of 142 haplotype genomes disentangles the mysterious hybridization history of grapevines, revealing enormous genetic diversity among species. Pangenome analysis together with phenotyping data reveals that European cultivars, more susceptible to the most destructive disease downy mildew (DM), had a smaller repertoire of disease resistance genes of NLR family. Through extensive structural variation (SV) characterization, phenotyping, transcriptome profiling of 113 Vitis accessions, and SV-eQTL analysis, we have identified over 79 SVs and their relevant genes significantly associated with DM resistance, exemplified by a lysine histidine transporter, VvLHT8. This haplotype-resolved complete genome and pangenome of Vitis genus will accelerate grapevine breeding and enrich our understanding of the evolution and biology of grapevines.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2023

Whole genome sequencing reveals autooctoploidy in the Chinese sturgeon and its evolutionary trajectories

The Order Acipenseriformes, which include sturgeons and paddlefishes, represent "living fossils" with complex genomes that are good models for understanding whole genome duplication (WGD) and ploidy evolution in fishes. Here we sequenced and assembled the first high-quality chromosome-level genome for the complex octoploid Acipenser sinensis (Chinese sturgeon), a critically endangered species that also represents a poorly understood ploidy group in Acipenseriformes. Our results show that A. sinensis is a complex autooctoploid species containing four kinds of octovalents (8 n), a hexavalent (6 n), two tetravalents (4 n), and a divalent (2 n). We propose based on an analysis taking into account delayed rediploidization that its octoploid genome composition results from two rounds of homologous whole genome duplications (WGDs), and further provide insight into the timing of its ploidy evolution. This study provides the first octoploid genome resource of Acipenseriformes for understanding ploidy composition and evolutionary trajectories of polyploidy fishes.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2023

Artificial intelligence-driven morphology-based enrichment of malignant cells from body fluid

Cell morphology is a fundamental feature used to evaluate patient specimens in pathological analysis. However, traditional cytopathology analysis of patient effusion samples is limited by low tumor cell abundance coupled with high background of non-malignant cells, restricting the ability for downstream molecular and functional analyses to identify actionable therapeutic targets. We applied the Deepcell platform that combines microfluidic sorting, brightfield imaging, and real-time deep learning interpretations based on multi-dimensional morphology to enrich carcinoma cells from malignant effusions without cell staining or labels. Carcinoma cell enrichment was validated with whole genome sequencing and targeted mutation analysis, which showed higher sensitivity for detection of tumor fractions and critical somatic variant mutations that were initially at low-levels or undetectable in pre-sort patient samples. Combined, our study demonstrates the feasibility and added value of supplementing traditional morphology-based cytology with deep learning, multi-dimensional morphology analysis, and microfluidic sorting.

pathology↗

bioRxiv2022

Realtime morphological characterization and sorting of unlabeled viable cells using deep learning

Phenotyping of single cells has dramatically lagged advances in molecular characterization and remains a manual, subjective, and destructive process. We introduce COSMOS, a platform for phenotyping and enrichment of cells based on deep learning interpretation of high-content morphology data in realtime. By training models on an atlas of >1.5 billion images, we demonstrate enrichment of unlabeled cells up to 33,000 fold. We apply COSMOS to multicellular tissue biopsy samples demonstrating that it can identify malignant cells with similar accuracy to molecular approaches while enriching viable cells for functional evaluation. We show high-dimensional embedding vectors of morphology generated by COSMOS without any need for complex sample pre-processing, gating, or bioinformatics capabilities, which enables discovery of cellular phenotypes, and integration of morphology into multi-dimensional analyses. One sentence summaryA novel platform capable of high-throughput imaging and gently sorting cells using deep morphological assessment.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2021

SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 identifies immuno-hot tumors in breast cancer

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is known as a host cell receptor for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is identified to be dysregulated in multiple tumors. Although the characterization of abnormal ACE2 expression in malignancies has been preliminarily explored, in-depth analysis of ACE2 in breast cancer (BRCA) has not been elucidated. A systematic pan-cancer analysis was conducted to assess the expression pattern and immunological role of ACE2 based on RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Next, correlations between ACE2 expression immunological characteristics in the BRCA tumor microenvironment (TME) were evaluated. Also, the role of ACE2 in predicting the clinical features and the response to therapeutic options in BRCA was estimated. These findings were subsequently validated in another public transcriptomic cohort as well as a recruited cohort. ACE2 was lowly expressed in most cancers compared with adjacent tissues. ACE2 was positively correlated with immunomodulators, tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs), cancer immunity cycles, immune checkpoints, and tumor mutation burden (TMB). Besides, high ACE2 levels indicated the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype of BRCA, lower response to endocrine therapy and higher response to chemotherapy, anti-ERBB therapy, antiangiogenic therapy and immunotherapy. To sum up, ACE2 correlates with an inflamed TME and identifies immuno-hot tumors, which may be used as an auxiliary biomarker for the identification of immunological characteristics in BRCA.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2020

Disease Network Delineates the Disease Progression Profile of Cardiovascular Diseases

As Electronic Health Records (EHR) data accumulated explosively in recent years, the tremendous amount of patient clinical data provided opportunities to discover real world evidence. In this study, a graphical disease network, named progressive cardiovascular disease network (progCDN), was built based on EHR data from 14.3 million patients 1 to delineate the progression profiles of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The network depicted the dominant diseases in CVD development, such as the heart failure and coronary arteriosclerosis. Novel progression relationships were also discovered, such as the progression path from long QT syndrome to major depression. In addition, three age-group progCDNs identified a series of age-associated disease progression paths and important successor diseases with age bias. Furthermore, we extracted a list of salient features to build a series of disease risk models based on the progression pairs in the disease network. The progCDN network can be further used to validate or explore novel disease relationships in real world data. Features with sufficient abundance and high correlation can be widely applied to train disease risk models when using EHR data.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2020

Integrating GPU support for FreeSurfer with OpenACC

FreeSurfer is among the most widely used suites of software for the study of cortical and subcortical brain anatomy. However, analysis using FreeSurfer can be time-consuming and it lacks support for the graphics processing units (GPUs) after the core development team stopped maintaining GPU-accelerated versions due to significant programming cost. As FreeSurfer is a large project with millions of source lines, in this work, we introduce and examine the use of a directive-based framework, OpenACC, in GPU acceleration of FreeSurfer, and we found the OpenACC-based approach significantly reduces programming costs. Moreover, because the overhead incurred by CPU-to-GPU data transfer is the major challenge in delivering GPU-based codes of high performance, we compare two schemes, copy- and-transfer and overlapped-fully-transfer, to reduce such data transfer overhead. Exper-imental results show that the target function we accelerated with overlapped-fully-transfer scheme ran 2.3 as fast as the original CPU-based function, and the GPU-accelerated program achieved an average speedup of 1.2 compared to the original CPU-based program. These results demonstrate the usefulness and potential of utilizing the proposed OpenACC-based approach to integrate GPU support for FreeSurfer which can be easily extended to other computationally expensive functions and modules of FreeSurfer to achieve further speedup.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2020

Regular Tai Chi Practice Is Associated with Improved Memory as well as Structural and Functional Integrity of the Hippocampal Formation in the Elderly

ObjectiveThe current study aimed at determining effects of Tai Chi as an example of a combined motor-cognitive exercise relative to regular walking as an example of an exercise without cognitive demands on cognitive functioning and the functional and structural integrity of the brain in the elderly. MethodsHealthy elderly women with at least 6 years of regular Tai Chi or brisk walking exercise were recruited and underwent cognitive assessment via the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and brain structural and resting state functional MRI assessments. ResultsEpisodic memory in Tai Chi group was superior to that of the walking group; (2) higher gray matter density in inferior and medial temporal regions, including the hippocampal formation; (3) higher ReHo in temporal regions, specifically the fusiform gyrus and hippocampal formation (4) significant partial correlations were found between the gray matter density of the left hippocampus and episodic memory in the whole sample (5) significant partial correlations were observed between the ReHo in left hippocampus, left parahippocampal, left fusiform and delayed memory task was observed among all subjects. ConclusionThe present study suggest that long-term Tai Chi practice may improve memory performance via remodeling structure and the function of the hippocampal formation.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2020

Neural Stimulation in vitro and in vivo by Photoacoustic Nanotransducers

Neuromodulation is an invaluable approach for study of neural circuits and clinical treatment of neurological diseases. Here, we report semiconducting polymer nanoparticles based photoacoustic nanotransducers (PANs) for neural stimulation. Our PANs strongly absorb light in the near-infrared second window and generate localized acoustic waves. PANs can also be surface-modified to selectively bind onto neurons. PAN-mediated activation of primary neurons in vitro is achieved with ten 3-nanosecond laser pulses at 1030 nm over a 3 millisecond duration. In vivo neural modulation of mouse brain activities and motor activities is demonstrated by PANs directly injected into brain cortex. With millisecond-scale temporal resolution, sub-millimeter spatial resolution and negligible heat deposition, PAN stimulation is a new non-genetic method for precise control of neuronal activities, opening potentials in non-invasive brain modulation.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2020

Profiles and clinical significance of immune cell infiltration in pancreatic adenocarcinoma

BackgroundIt has been well defined that tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) play critical roles in pancreatic cancer (PAAD) progression. The aim of this research was to comprehensively explore the composition of TIICs in PAAD and their potential clinical significance. Methods178 samples from TCGA and 63 samples from GSE57495 dataset were enrolled into our study. ImmuCellAI was applied to calculate the infiltrating abundance of 24 immune cell types in PAAD and further survival analysis revealed the prognostic values of TIICs in PAAD. Moreover, Gene ontology (GO) enticement analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between low- and high-risk groups was performed as well. ResultsDifferent kinds of TIICs had distinct infiltrating features. Besides, Specific TIICs subsets had notable prognostic values in PAAD. We further established a 6-TIICs signature to assess the prognosis of PAAD patients. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses both suggested the significant prognostic value of the signature in PAAD. We next extracted 1,334 DEGs based on the risk model, and the hub modules in the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of DEGs were involved in regulating immune-related biological processes. ConclusionsOverall, the current study illuminated the immune cells infiltrating landscape in PAAD and developed a TIICs-dependent prognostic signature, which could be used as an effective prognostic classifier for PAAD patients.

bioinformatics↗