Distinct roles of general anesthesia activated CeA neurons in acute versus late phase of neuropathic pain
A previous study discovered a distinct population of GABAergic neurons in the central amygdala (CeA) that can be activated by general anesthesia (CeAGA) and exert analgesic functions (Hua et al., 2020). To independently reproduce these prior findings and to investigate the electrophysiological properties of CeAGA neurons, we first used 1.2% isoflurane to induce c-Fos activation in the mouse brain and validated the Fos expression by RNAscope in situ hybridization. Indeed, isoflurane induced robust Fos expression in CeA and these Fos+ CeAGA neurons are GABAergic neurons (Vgat+). We next used Fos-TRAP2 method (different from the CANE method used in the prior study) to label CeAGA neurons (tdTomato+). Our ex vivo electrophysiological recordings in brain slices revealed that compared to Fos-negative CeA neurons, CeAGA neurons had significantly higher excitability and exhibited distinct patterns of action potentials. Chemogenetic activation of Fos-TRAPed CeAGA neurons was effective at increasing pain thresholds in naive mice and mice with early-phase neuropathic pain 2 weeks after spared nerve injury (SNI). However, the same chemogenetic activation of CeAGA neurons only had modest analgesia in the late phase of SNI at 8 weeks, although it was highly effective in reducing chronic pain-associated anxiety behaviors at this stage. We found that Fos-negative CeA neurons, but not CeAGA neurons, exhibited increased excitability in the late-phase of SNI, suggesting that chronic pain causes a shift in the relative activity of the CeA microcircuit. Interestingly, Fos-negative neurons exhibited much higher expression of K+-Cl- cotransporter-2 (KCC2), and KCC2 expression was downregulated in the CeA in the late-phase of neuropathic pain. These results support the idea that targeting CeAGA neurons may provide therapeutic benefits for pain relief and chronic pain-associated anxiety. Our findings also suggest distinct roles of CeAGA neurons in regulating physiological pain, acute pain, and chronic pain with a possible involvement of KCC2.