McFadden, W. | Search bioRxiv

bioRxiv2018

Identifying tissues implicated in Anorexia Nervosa using Transcriptomic Imputation

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex and serious eating disorder, occurring in ~1% of individuals. Despite having the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder, little is known about the aetiology of AN, and few effective treatments exist.\n\nGlobal efforts to collect large sample sizes of individuals with AN have been highly successful, and a recent study consequently identified the first genome-wide significant locus involved in AN. This result, coupled with other recent studies and epidemiological evidence, suggest that previous characterizations of AN as a purely psychiatric disorder are over-simplified. Rather, both neurological and metabolic pathways may also be involved.\n\nIn order to elucidate more of the system-specific aetiology of AN, we applied transcriptomic imputation methods to 3,495 cases and 10,982 controls, collected by the Eating Disorders Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC-ED). Transcriptomic Imputation (TI) methods approaches use machine-learning methods to impute tissue-specific gene expression from large genotype data using curated eQTL reference panels. These offer an exciting opportunity to compare gene associations across neurological and metabolic tissues. Here, we applied CommonMind Consortium (CMC) and GTEx-derived gene expression prediction models for 13 brain tissues and 12 tissues with potential metabolic involvement (adipose, adrenal gland, 2 colon, 3 esophagus, liver, pancreas, small intestine, spleen, stomach).\n\nWe identified 35 significant gene-tissue associations within the large chromosome 12 region described in the recent PGC-ED GWAS. We applied forward stepwise conditional analyses and FINEMAP to associations within this locus to identify putatively causal signals. We identified four independently associated genes; RPS26, C12orf49, SUOX, and RDH16. We also identified two further genome-wide significant gene-tissue associations, both in brain tissues; REEP5, in the dorso-lateral pre-frontal cortex (DLPFC; p=8.52x10-07), and CUL3, in the caudate basal ganglia (p=1.8x10-06). These genes are significantly enriched for associations with anthropometric phenotypes in the UK BioBank, as well as multiple psychiatric, addiction, and appetite/satiety pathways. Our results support a model of AN risk influenced by both metabolic and psychiatric factors.

genetics↗

bioRxiv2017

Transcriptomic Imputation of Bipolar Disorder and Bipolar subtypes reveals 29 novel associated genes

Bipolar disorder is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder presenting with episodic mood disturbances. In this study we use a transcriptomic imputation approach to identify novel genes and pathways associated with bipolar disorder, as well as three diagnostically and genetically distinct subtypes. Transcriptomic imputation approaches leverage well-curated and publicly available eQTL reference panels to create gene-expression prediction models, which may then be applied to \"impute\" genetically regulated gene expression (GREX) in large GWAS datasets. By testing for association between phenotype and GREX, rather than genotype, we hope to identify more biologically interpretable associations, and thus elucidate more of the genetic architecture of bipolar disorder.\n\nWe applied GREX prediction models for 13 brain regions (derived from CommonMind Consortium and GTEx eQTL reference panels) to 21,488 bipolar cases and 54,303 matched controls, constituting the largest transcriptomic imputation study of bipolar disorder (BPD) to date. Additionally, we analyzed three specific BPD subtypes, including 14,938 individuals with subtype 1 (BD-I), 3,543 individuals with subtype 2 (BD-II), and 1,500 individuals with schizoaffective subtype (SAB).\n\nWe identified 125 gene-tissue associations with BPD, of which 53 represent independent associations after FINEMAP analysis. 29/53 associations were novel; i.e., did not lie within 1Mb of a locus identified in the recent PGC-BD GWAS. We identified 37 independent BD-I gene-tissue associations (10 novel), 2 BD-II associations, and 2 SAB associations. Our BPD, BD-I and BD-II associations were significantly more likely to be differentially expressed in post-mortem brain tissue of BPD, BD-I and BD-II cases than we might expect by chance. Together with our pathway analysis, our results support long-standing hypotheses about bipolar disorder risk, including a role for oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, the post-synaptic density, and an enrichment of circadian rhythm and clock genes within our results.

genetics↗