McDonald, P. R. | Search bioRxiv

bioRxiv2024

Mutation of highly conserved residues in loop 2 of the coronavirus macrodomain demonstrates that enhanced ADP-ribose binding is detrimental to infection

All coronaviruses (CoVs) encode for a conserved macrodomain (Mac1) located in nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3). Mac1 is an ADP-ribosylhydrolase that binds and hydrolyzes mono-ADP-ribose from target proteins. Previous work has shown that Mac1 is important for virus replication and pathogenesis. Within Mac1, there are several regions that are highly conserved across CoVs, including the GIF (glycine-isoleucine-phenylalanine) motif. To determine how the biochemical activities of these residues impact CoV replication, the isoleucine and the phenylalanine residues were mutated to alanine (I-A/F-A) in both recombinant Mac1 proteins and recombinant CoVs, including murine hepatitis virus (MHV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The F-A mutant proteins had ADP-ribose binding and/or hydrolysis defects that led to attenuated replication and pathogenesis in cell culture and mice. In contrast, the I-A mutations had normal enzyme activity and enhanced ADP-ribose binding. Despite increased ADP-ribose binding, I-A mutant MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 were highly attenuated in both cell culture and mice, indicating that this isoleucine residue acts as a gate that controls ADP-ribose binding for efficient virus replication. These results highlight the function of this highly conserved residue and provide unique insight into how macrodomains control ADP-ribose binding and hydrolysis to promote viral replication. AUTHOR SUMMARYThe conserved CoV macrodomain (Mac1) counters the activity of host ADP-ribosyltransferases by removing ADP-ribose from target proteins and is critical for CoV replication and pathogenesis. Mac1 is a potential therapeutic target for CoV disease and several groups are actively developing Mac1 inhibitors. However, we lack a basic knowledge of how many of the key residues in the Mac1 ADP-ribose binding pocket contribute to its biochemical and virological functions. In this study, we engineered alanine mutations into two highly conserved residues in the ADP-ribose binding pocket of Mac1, both as recombinant proteins and recombinant viruses for both MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 to determine their importance in both Mac1 biochemical functions and CoV infection. Interestingly, an isoleucine-to-alanine mutation in loop 2 of both MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 Mac1 proteins enhanced ADP-ribose binding. But surprisingly, that proved to be detrimental to virus infection, indicating that this isoleucine functions to control Mac1 ADP-ribose binding and is beneficial for virus replication and pathogenesis. These results provide unique insight into how macrodomains control ADP-ribose binding to promote infection and will be critical for the development of novel inhibitors targeting Mac1 that could be used to treat CoV-induced disease.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2021

Simple and Rapid High-Throughput Assay to Identify HSV-1 ICP0 Transactivation Inhibitors

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a ubiquitous virus that results in lifelong infections due to its ability to cycle between lytic replication and latency. As an obligate intracellular pathogen, HSV-1 exploits host cellular factors to replicate and aid in its life cycle. HSV-1 expresses infected cell protein 0 (ICP0), an immediate-early regulator, to stimulate the transcription of all classes of viral genes via its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Mechanisms by which ICP0 activates viral gene expression and the cellular factors involved are largely unknown. Here we report an automated, inexpensive, and rapid high-throughput approach to examine the effects of small molecule compounds on ICP0 transactivator function in cells. Two HSV-1 reporter viruses, KOS6{beta} (wt) and dlx3.1-6{beta} (ICP0-null mutant), were used to monitor ICP0 transactivation activity through the HSV-1 ICP6 promoter::lacz expression cassette. A [≥]10-fold difference in {beta}-galactosidase activity was observed in cells infected with KOS6{beta} compared to dlx3.1-6{beta}, demonstrating that ICP0 potently transactivates the ICP6 promoter. We established the robustness and reproducibility with a Z'- factor score of [≥]0.69, an important criterium for high-throughput analyses. Approximately 19,000 structurally diverse compounds were screened and 76 potential inhibitors of the HSV-1 transactivator ICP0 were identified. We expect this assay will aid in the discovery of novel inhibitors and tools against HSV-1 ICP0. Using well-annotated compounds could identify potential novel factors and pathways that interact with ICP0 to promote HSV-1 gene expression.

microbiology↗