McCord, M. | Search bioRxiv

bioRxiv2020

ASH1L REGULATES THE STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF NEURONAL CIRCUITRY BY MODULATING BDNF/TrkB SIGNALING IN HUMAN NEURONS

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are associated with defects in neuronal connectivity and are highly heritable. Genetic findings suggest that there is an overrepresentation of chromatin regulatory genes among the genes associated with ASD. ASH1 like histone lysine methyltransferase (ASH1L) was identified as a major risk factor for autism. ASH1L methylates Histone H3 on Lysine 36, which is proposed to result primarily in transcriptional activation. However, how mutations in ASH1L lead to deficits in neuronal connectivity associated with autism pathogenesis is not known. We report that ASH1L regulates neuronal morphogenesis by counteracting the catalytic activity of Polycomb Repressive complex 2 group (PRC2) in stem cell-derived human neurons. Depletion of ASH1L decreases neurite outgrowth and decreases expression of the gene encoding the neurotrophin receptor TrkB whose signaling pathway is linked to neuronal morphogenesis. This is overcome by inhibition of PRC2 activity, indicating a balance between the Trithorax group protein ASH1L and PRC2 activity determines neuronal morphology and connectivity. Thus, ASH1L epigenetically regulates neuronal connectivity by modulating the BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway, which likely contributes to the neurodevelopmental pathogenesis associated with ASD in patients with ASH1L mutations. eTOC BLURBCheon et al. report a novel epigenetic mechanism that implicates the counteracting activities of the evolutionarily conserved Trithorax (ASH1L) and Polycomb (PRC2) chromatin regulators, in the modulation of human neuronal connectivity by regulating the developmentally important TrkB-BDNF signaling pathway. O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=105 SRC="FIGDIR/small/954586v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (20K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@738ee5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@aa8085org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1dbc315org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e4bfa2_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG HIGHLIGHTSO_LIASH1L regulates neuronal morphogenesis by modulating neurotrophin signaling C_LIO_LICounteracting activities of Trithorax (ASH1L) and Polycomb (PRC2) affect neuronal arborization C_LIO_LILoss of ASH1L modulates growth cone size in human neurons C_LI

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2020

Insecticide-free trapping bed-net can mitigate insecticide resistance threat in malaria vector control strategies

Mosquito-borne malaria kills 429,000 people each year with the problem acute in sub-Saharan Africa. The successes gained with long-lasting pyrethroid treated bed-nets is now in jeopardy because of wide-spread, pyrethroid-resistance in mosquitoes. Using crowd modeling theory normalized for standard bed-net architecture, we were able to design an attract-trap-kill mechanism for mosquitoes that does not require insecticides. Using three-dimensional polyester knitting and heat fixation, trap funnels were developed with high capture efficacy, no egression under worst-case laboratory conditions, and greater durability than current bed-nets sold. Field testing in Africa in WHO huts with Gen1-3 T (trap)-Nets validated our model, and as predicted, Gen3 had the highest efficacy with a 4.3-fold greater trap-kill rate with no deterrence or repellency compared to Permanet 2.0, the most common bed-net in Africa. A T-Net population model was developed based on field data to predict community level mosquito control compared to a pyrethroid bed-net. This model showed the Gen3 T-Net under field conditions in Africa against pyrethroid resistant mosquitoes was 12.7-fold more efficacious than single chemical, pyrethroid treated nets, demonstrating significantly greater mosquito control using bed-nets without insecticides.

bioengineering↗