Prescription Opioid Distribution After The Legalization Of Recreational Marijuana In Colorado, 2007-2017
ImportanceOpioid related overdoses and overprescribing continue to be an ongoing issue within the United States. Further consideration of nonopioid alternatives as a substitute to treat chronic noncancer pain and in the treatment of opioid use disorders (OUD) is warranted.\n\nObjectiveTo examine the association between the legalization of Colorados recreational marijuana and prescription opioid distribution trends. Two states that have not legalized recreational marijuana were selected for comparison.\n\nMethodsThe United States Drug Enforcement Administrations Automation of Report and Consolidated Orders System (ARCOS) was used to examine nine pain medications: oxycodone, fentanyl, morphine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, tapentadol, codeine, meperidine and two OUD medications: methadone and buprenorphine from 2007-2017 in Colorado, Utah, and Maryland. The drug weights were extracted, examined, and graphed. Medications were converted to their oral morphine milligram equivalents (MME) using standard conversion factors.\n\nResultsColorado reached a peak of pain MME weight in 2012 and had an -11.66% reduction from 2007 to 2017. During the same interval, Utah had a +9.64% increase in pain medication distribution and Maryland, a -6.02% reduction. As for medications used for OUD, Colorado, Utah, and Maryland had +19.42% increase, -31.45% reduction, and +66.56% increase, respectively. Analysis of the interval pre (2007-2009) versus post (2013-2017) marijuana legalization was completed. Statistically significant changes were observed for Colorado (P=0.033) and Maryland (P=0.007), but not Utah (P=0.659) for pain medications. Analysis of the OUD medications identified significant changes for Colorado (P=0.0003) and Maryland (P=0.0001), but not Utah (P=0.0935). Over the decade, Colorados opioid distribution was predominantly (72.49%) for pain with one-quarter (27.51%) for an OUD. Utah distributed 61.00% for pain and 39.00% for OUD. However, Maryland was one-third (37.89%) for pain but over-three-fifths (62.11%) for an OUD.\n\nConclusionThere has been a significant decrease in the prescription opioid distribution after the legalization of marijuana in Colorado. This finding was particularly notable for opioids indicated predominantly for analgesia such as hydrocodone, morphine and fentanyl. Colorado had a larger decrease in opioid distribution after 2012 than Utah or Maryland. Therefore, marijuana could be considered as an alternative treatment for chronic pain and reducing use of opioids. Also, when combined with other novel research, it may also reduce the overdose death rate. Additional research with more comparison states is ongoing.