DNA-Based Nanoprobes for Fluorescence K+ Sensing in Neural Systems
SignificanceAbnormalities in potassium ion concentrations across subregions of the hippocampus have been implicated in seizures and other pathologies. Direct measurements of potassium ion concentrations are largely made using invasive electrodes, which do not allow for wide spatial coverage. This fluorescent nanoparticle potassium sensor enables direct visualization of potassium dynamics and represents a minimally invasive alternative to electrode-based methods. AimHere, we present a DNA-based fluorescence nanoprobe capable of sensing relative concentrations of potassium ions within populations of neurons. We present its effectiveness in monitoring neuronal K+ dynamics in response to electrical stimulation ex vivo. ApproachWe used widefield fluorescence microscopy to monitor changes in fluorescence intensity in labeled brain tissue in response to electrical stimulation ex vivo. ResultsWe found that our nanoprobe could be retained within the intracellular compartment and modulate in fluorescence intensity linearly in response to induced electrical current. Our K+ Sensor showed a fractional fluorescence change of approximately 1% per 10 mA of applied stimulation current in brain tissue. Optical spectroscopy confirmed the selectivity of the nanoprobes to potassium ions over other endogenous ions. ConclusionsOur findings indicate that this nanoprobe can be used to detect more complex potassium dynamics implicated in various pathologies of the nervous system, such as migraines, seizures, and trauma.