The hypermorphic PLCγ2 S707Y variant dysregulates microglial cell function: insight into PLCγ2 activation in brain health and disease, and opportunities for therapeutic modulation.
Phospholipase C-gamma 2 (PLC{gamma}2) is highly expressed in hematopoietic and immune cells, where it is a key signalling node enabling diverse cellular functions. Within the periphery, gain-of-function (GOF) PLC{gamma}2 variants, such as the strongly hypermorphic S707Y, cause severe immune dysregulation. The milder hypermorphic mutation PLC{gamma}2 P522R increases longevity and confers protection in central nervous system (CNS) neurodegenerative disorders, implicating PLC{gamma}2 as a novel therapeutic target for treating these CNS indications. Currently, nothing is known about what consequences strong PLC{gamma}2 GOF has on CNS functionality, and more precisely on the specific biological functions of microglia. Using the PLC{gamma}2 S707Y variant as a model of chronic activation we investigated the functional consequences of strong PLC{gamma}2 GOF on human microglia. PLC{gamma}2 S707Y expressing human inducible pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC)-derived microglia exhibited hypermorphic enzymatic activity under both basal and stimulated conditions, compared to PLC{gamma}2 wild type. Despite the increase in PLC{gamma}2 enzymatic activity, the PLC{gamma}2 S707Y hiPSC-derived microglia display diminished functionality for key microglial processes including phagocytosis and cytokine secretion upon inflammatory challenge. RNA sequencing revealed a downregulation of genes related to innate immunity and response, providing molecular support for the phenotype observed. Our data suggests that chronic activation of PLC{gamma}2 elicits a detrimental phenotype that is contributing to unfavourable CNS functions, and informs on the therapeutic window for targeting PLC{gamma}2 in the CNS. Drug candidates targeting PLC{gamma}2 will need to precisely mimic the effects of the PLC{gamma}2 P522R variant on microglial function, but not those of the PLC{gamma}2 S707Y variant. HighlightsO_LIThe impact of strongly hypermorphic variants of PLC{gamma}2 have not been studied in brain and yet PLC{gamma}2 is implicated in modifying risk of CNS disorders including Alzheimers disease C_LIO_LITo address this, we explored the role of the strongly hypermorphic PLC{gamma}2 S707Y variant in hiPSC-derived microglia C_LIO_LIS707Y increases PLC{gamma}2 enzymatic activity and intracellular calcium flux C_LIO_LIPhagocytosis and cytokine production are diminished in PLC{gamma}2 S707Y microglia C_LIO_LIPLC{gamma}2 S707Y downregulates expression of genes related to innate immunity and response C_LIO_LIModulation of PLC{gamma}2 for therapy must recapitulate the positive effects of moderate hypermorphic variants on microglial functions whilst avoiding detrimental effects of strongly hypermorphic variants like PLC{gamma}2 S707Y C_LI Graphical abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=188 SRC="FIGDIR/small/564579v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (29K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9f0903org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@108d26forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2fb691org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7af80c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG