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Marchand, S.

Publications and source records attributed to Marchand, S..

9 recordsLinked to original sources

Implementing considered elements of standardisation for Time Kill Curve experiments across multiple sites: A European collaboration perspective

SynopsisO_ST_ABSBackgroundC_ST_ABSThe main advantages of Time Kill Curves (TKCs) in antimicrobial drug development are the ability to track bacterial kill and regrowth over time and with varying drug concentrations. Whilst there are guideline documents in place, such as M26-A in CLSI, there remains scope for individual laboratory differences in practice. Here we evaluated several factors which potentially influenced data generated in TKCs. MethodsFirstly, E. coli ATCC 25922 was used to determine optimum sampling volume, culture vessel volume, CFU enumeration variance factors and static versus agitated cultures in a single laboratory. Secondly, a ring test comprising of TKCs was performed by six laboratories focusing on: standardised inoculum, static culture and two culture vessel sizes 10 mL and 200 {micro}L. Data analysis was performed to determine consistency within centres and between them. ResultsConsistently accurate inocula could be achieved by use of: larger sampling volumes between 100 {micro}L > 20 mL; larger culture vessels volumes (10 mL > 100 {micro}L) and higher inocula (10 8 > 1.5x10 5 CFU). Culture agitation during the TKC experiment resulted in reduced killing compared to static cultures. Reproducibility of TKCs was best between centres when they were performed in 10 mL culture vessels. There was more variability per site when performing TKC in 96 well trays. ConclusionsTechnical factors such as preparation of inocula, agitation, vessel size and enumeration of cultures are important variables in performing TKCs that need to be standardised in drug development programmes involving multiple laboratory centres.

microbiology↗

Is there a need to implement standardisation into in vitro antimicrobial evaluation systems? A European collaboration perspective

SynopsisO_ST_ABSBackgroundC_ST_ABSTime kill curve (TKC) assessments are an essential step in the study of an antimicrobials pharmacodynamic characteristics. Surprisingly TKCs have not be formally standardised, therefore there remain concerns that different testing centres/methodologies may produce different results. Six centres participating in Gram-negative-Antibiotics NOW (GNA-NOW) consortium measured a series of TKCs with meropenem against E. coli to establish: Same-day (SD) vs different-day (DD) replication per centre (intra-site), and centre to centre (inter-site) correlations. MethodsMeropenem was tested against three strains of E. coli (ATCC 25922; ESBL producer C1.55; OXA-48 producer C1.62). An inoculum of 1.5x106 CFU was specified with meropenem concentrations of x0, x1 to x16 MIC; and sampling assessment of bacterial density was determined at 0-24h. Experiments were performed in triplicate, aerobically at 37{degrees}C. Centre-specific methodology was collected. Meropenem, media, bacterial strains, were shipped from one central laboratory to participating laboratories. ANOVA and Friedman tests were used to assess SD, DD and between centre replications. ResultsAssessment of the methodologies between centres revealed many differences, including bacterial inoculum, meropenem preparation, volume of TKC vessel, vessel materials, agitation vs static cultures and sampling volumes. Intra-centre SD and DD analysis for all strains were generally associated with P>0.05 suggesting consistency. Inter-centre SD and DD comparisons resulted in P<0.05, indicating variable total bacterial load measurement between centres. ConclusionsTKC methodologies varied between different centres, and while intra-centre comparison of SD and DD were generally consistent, inter-centre comparisons were not. Standardisation of TKC methodologies is required.

microbiology↗

Zeta potential measurements of Escherichia coli to evaluate colistin susceptibility and gain insight in resistance mechanisms

Colistin resistance in Escherichia coli arises from outer membrane (OM) remodeling that reduces surface charge and thereby lowers drug binding affinity. In this study, we investigated the zeta potential of E. coli strains with colistin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.125 to 16 mg/L, following EDTA treatment to chelate divalent cations and unmask intrinsic surface charge. Zeta potential was measured across pH values from 3 to 7, revealing consistent pH-dependent trends and an average 18.5 mV reduction in surface charge with increasing MIC. At pH 7, zeta potential strongly correlated with colistin resistance (R2 = 0.919), and this correlation was further strengthened following exposure to sub-inhibitory colistin (1/8 MIC; R2 = 0.9975). Notably, resistant strains carrying mcr-1 or mcr-4 exhibited significant shifts toward less negative surface charges after sub-MIC exposure, whereas the susceptible parental strain remained unchanged. However, mcr-1 mRNA expression did not consistently increase under these conditions, highlighting a disconnect between transcriptional responses and phenotypic charge alterations. These findings suggest that regulatory pathways beyond mcr-1 transcription, including stress-induced lipid A remodeling, contribute to OM charge modulation. Overall, zeta potential profiling provides a rapid and sensitive readout of resistance-associated membrane alterations and complements molecular assays by capturing functional phenotypes. This approach offers a valuable research tool for dissecting colistin resistance mechanisms and may inform future strategies for monitoring bacterial adaptation to last-resort antibiotics.

microbiology↗

Cortical Processing for the Vestibular and Visual Input of Egomotion in Macaque Monkeys: Separate Networks with Targeted Convergence

The integration of visual and vestibular inputs during egomotion is fundamental for both postural and navigational control. In the present study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in four macaque monkeys to investigate cortical activation in response to galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS), applied through transmastoid electrodes, and egomotion-compatible (EC) optic flow patterns. Visual and vestibular stimulations activate two largely independent cortical networks: the vestibular network encompasses the insular cortex, superior parietal lobule, frontal lobe, and cingulate cortex, while optic flow primarily activates regions in the superior temporal sulcus, temporo-parietal junction, inferior parietal lobule, and restricted portions of the cingulate and frontal cortices. Despite this segregation, several areas exhibit visuo-vestibular convergence: VPS in the temporo-parietal junction, area 7 in the inferior parietal lobule, VIP and LIP in the intraparietal sulcus, MSTd in the superior temporal sulcus, CSv in the cingulate sulcus, and FEFsem in the frontal cortex. These findings demonstrate that visual and vestibular signals generated by egomotion are processed in extended and distinct cortical networks with several narrow convergence sites, consistent with the idea that multisensory integration during self-motion is achieved through selective convergence rather than general network overlap.

neuroscience↗

Optimizing Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Cost and Environmental Benefits of MIC Volume Reduction

The determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) is essential for evaluating antimicrobial efficacy, guiding both clinical treatment decisions and drug development. The standard broth microdilution method is widely used but requires significant reagent volumes, which can be limiting when working with novel or expensive antimicrobials. This study assesses the feasibility of reducing assay volumes without compromising MIC accuracy. We compared the MIC values obtained in standard 96-well plates (200 {micro}L) to those in 384-well plates with reduced volumes (30-50 {micro}L) for a range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as yeast species. Our results demonstrate that except for micafungin, MIC values obtained with reduced volumes remained within the acceptable variability ranges defined by EUCAST and CLSI. Evaporation, a potential source of bias in smaller volumes, was mitigated by conducting experiments in a water-saturated atmosphere. Furthermore, reduced assay volumes significantly lowered material costs and antimicrobial consumption, particularly for expensive drugs such as cefiderocol. This miniaturization approach offers a cost-effective, high-throughput alternative for antimicrobial susceptibility testing while maintaining accuracy and reproducibility.

microbiology↗

A freely accessible, adaptable hollow-fiber setup to reproduce first-order absorption: illustration with linezolid cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetic data

The main objective of this study was to validate an algorithm and experimental setup to simulate first-order absorption pharmacokinetic profiles without altering the standard in vitro hollow fiber infection model (HFIM). For that, clinical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) linezolid concentrations after 30-minute infusions at dosing regimens 600 mg q12 h, 900 mg q12 h, and 900 mg q8 h were reproduced in the HFIM over 4 days. To approximate the apparent first-order absorption observed on CSF pharmacokinetic profiles, we split the dosing interval into a series of sub-intervals during which continuous infusions were delivered to the system. During each sub-interval, the same amount of linezolid was delivered but the sub-intervals had different durations and flow rates which were computed by a newly developed algorithm. In addition, we independently reproduced plasma concentrations to validate our system. Samples were collected from the central reservoir and the extracapillary space (ECS) of the cartridge of the HFIM and assayed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Observed pharmacokinetic parameters and concentrations in the ECS were compared with the target clinical pharmacokinetic parameters and concentrations. Observed pharmacokinetic parameters were within 20 % of target pharmacokinetic parameters for all experiments, thus validating the ability of our experimental setup to reproduce plasma and CSF linezolid pharmacokinetic profiles. The algorithm and setup are available in the open-source web application https://varacli.shinyapps.io/hollow_fiber_app/ to easily design other HFIM experiments.

pharmacology and toxicology↗

Visuo-Vestibular Integration for Self-Motion: Human Cortical Area V6 Prefers Forward and Congruent Stimuli

BACKGROUNDThe integration of visual and vestibular input is crucial for self-motion. Information from both sensory systems merges early in the central nervous system. Among the numerous cortical areas involved in processing this information, some (V6 and VIP) respond specifically to vestibular anteroposterior information. OBJECTIVETo further understand the involvement of these and other areas in self-motion processing when vestibular and visual information are combined with varying congruence and direction parameters. METHODSFifteen subjects underwent an MRI session while receiving visual (optic flow patterns) and galvanic vestibular stimuli mimicking six conditions: (1) visual forward, (2) visual backward, visual forward with (3) congruent or (4) incongruent vestibular information, visual backward with (5) congruent or (6) incongruent vestibular information. RESULTSThe combination of concurrent vestibular stimulation and fully consistant optic flow patterns activated several bilateral cortical areas found predominantly in the insula. Among these vestibular areas and those previously defined in our initial study, the large majority do not show any specifity for the forward/backward direction or for the visuo-vestibular congruency. A notable exception was the parieto-occipital area V6, which showed a marked preference for congruent visuo-vestibular signals and for cues signaling forward motion. CONCLUSIONSBy showing that V6 is more active when visuo-vestibular signals are more ecological (i.e. when both signals specify the most common self-motion direction), our results support the view that this area plays a crucial role in visuo-vestibular integration during self-motion.

neuroscience↗

ILLUSORY LIGHT DRIVES PUPIL RESPONSES IN PRIMATES

In humans, the eye pupils respond to both physical light sensed by the retina and mental representations of light produced by the brain. Notably, our pupils constrict when a visual stimulus is illusorily perceived brighter, even if retinal illumination is constant. Yet, it remains unclear whether such perceptual penetrability of pupil responses is an epiphenomenon unique to humans or whether it represents an adaptive mechanism shared with other animals to anticipate variations in retinal illumination between successive eye fixations. To address this issue, we measured the pupil responses of both humans and macaque monkeys exposed to three chromatic versions (cyan, magenta, and yellow) of the Asahi brightness illusion. We found that the stimuli illusorily perceived brighter or darker trigger differential pupil responses that are very similar in macaques and human participants. Additionally, we show that this phenomenon exhibits an analogous cyan bias in both primate species. Beyond evincing the macaque monkey as a relevant model to study the perceptual penetrability of pupil responses, our results suggest that this phenomenon is tuned to ecological conditions since the exposure to a "bright cyan-bluish sky" may be associated with increased risks of dazzle and retinal damages.

animal behavior and cognition↗

The commitment of barley microspores into embryogenesis involves miRNA-directed regulation of members of the SPL, GRF and HD-ZIPIII transcription factor families

Microspore embryogenesis is a model for developmental plasticity and cell fate decisions. To investigate the role of miRNAs in this development, we sequenced sRNAs and the degradome of barley microspores collected prior to (day 0) and after (days 2 and 5) the application of a stress treatment known to induce embryogenesis. Microspores isolated at these timepoints were uniform in both appearance and in their complements of sRNAs. We detected 68 miRNAs in microspores. The abundance of 51 of these miRNAs differed significantly during microspore development. One group of miRNAs was induced when the stress treatment was applied, prior to being repressed when microspores transitioned to embryogenesis. Another group of miRNAs were up-regulated in day-2 microspores and their abundance remained stable or increased in day-5 microspores, a timepoint at which the first clear indications of the transition towards embryogenesis were visible. Collectively, these miRNAs might play a role in the modulation of the stress response, the repression of gametic development, and/or the gain of embryogenic potential. A degradome analysis allowed us to validate the role of miRNAs in regulating 41 specific transcripts. We showed that the transition of microspores toward the embryogenesis pathway involves miRNA-directed regulation of members of the ARF, SPL, GRF and HD-ZIPIII transcription factor families. We noted that 41.5% of these targets were shared between day-2 and day-5 microspores while 26.8% were unique to day-5 microspores. The former set may act to disrupt transcripts involved in pollen development while the latter set may drive the commitment to embryogenesis.

plant biology↗