Biology subjects

Mallinger, J.

Publications and source records attributed to Mallinger, J..

3 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2023

Aurora Kinase A Inhibition plus Tumor Treating Fields Suppress Glioma Cell Proliferation in a Cilium-Independent Manner

Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) have been shown to extend the survival of glioblastoma (GBM) patients. TTFields interfere with a broad range of cellular processes which may contribute to their efficacy. Among these, TTFields disrupt primary cilia stability on GBM cells. Here we asked if concomitant treatment of TTFields with other agents that interfere with GBM ciliogenesis can further suppress GBM cell proliferation in vitro. Aurora Kinase A (AURKA) promotes both cilia disassembly and GBM growth in vitro and in xenograft models. Inhibitors of AURKA such as Alisertib have been previously demonstrated to inhibit cilia disassembly and increase the frequency of cilia in various cell types. However, here we show that physiological concentrations of Alisertib treatment significantly reduced GBM cilia frequency in gliomaspheres across multiple patient derived cell lines, and in patient biopsies treated ex vivo with Alisertib. This activity of Alisertib seems to be glioma cell specific as it did not reduce neuronal or glial cilia frequencies in mixed primary cell cultures from mouse forebrain. Furthermore, Alisertib depletion of glioma cilia appears specific to AURKA inhibition, as a potent AURKB inhibitor, AZD1152, had no effect on GBM ciliary frequency. Treatment of two different GBM patient-derived cell lines with TTFields and Alisertib resulted in a significant reduction in cell proliferation compared to either treatment alone. However, this effect was not cilia-dependent as the combined treatment reduced proliferation in cilia-depleted cell lines lacking, ARL13b, or U87MG cells which are naturally devoid of ARL13B+ cilia. This result is not surprising given the wide range of pathways regulated by AURKA in addition to cilia. Nonetheless, Alisertib-mediated effects on glioma cilia may be a useful biomarker of drug efficacy within tumor tissue. Considering Alisertib has been shown to cross the blood brain barrier and inhibit intracranial growth of xenografted tumor models, our data warrant future studies to explore whether concomitant Alisertib and TTFields exposure prolongs survival of brain tumor-bearing animals in vivo.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2022

Increasing Ciliary ARL13B Expression Drives Active and Inhibitor-Resistant SMO and GLI into Glioma Primary Cilia

ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 13B (ARL13B), a regulatory GTPase and guanine exchange factor (GEF) enriches in primary cilia and promotes tumorigenesis in part by regulating Smoothened (SMO), GLI, and Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling. Gliomas with increased ARL13B, SMO and GLI2 expression are more aggressive but the relationship to cilia is unclear. Previous studies showed increasing ARL13B in glioblastoma cells promoted ciliary SMO accumulation, independent of exogenous SHH addition. Here we show SMO accumulation is due to increased ciliary, but not extraciliary ARL13B. Increasing ARL13B expression promotes the accumulation of both activated SMO and GLI2 in glioma cilia, but not in NIH3T3 fibroblast cilia. ARL13B-driven increases in ciliary SMO and GLI2 are resistant to SMO inhibitors, GDC-0449 and cyclopamine. Finally, temozolomide chemotherapy which increases ARL13B expression in glioma, stimulates SMO and GLI2 into glioma cilia, but not fibroblast cilia. Collectively, our data suggest factors that elevate ARL13B may drive drug-resistant SMO and GLI into cilia. This suggests the ARL13B-associated mechanism that leads to ciliary SMO/GLI recruitment may promote treatment resistance in glioma.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2021

Tumor Treating Fields Suppression of Ciliogenesis Enhances Temozolomide Toxicity

Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) are low intensity, alternating intermediate frequency (200kHz) electrical fields that extend survival of glioblastoma patients receiving maintenance temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy. How TTFields exert efficacy on cancer over normal cells, or interact with TMZ is unclear. Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles triggered by extracellular ligands, mechanical and electrical field stimulation, and are capable of promoting cancer growth and TMZ chemoresistance. We found in both low and high grade patient glioma cell lines that TTFields ablated cilia within 24 hours. Halting TTFields treatment led to recovered frequencies of elongated cilia. Cilia on normal primary astrocytes, neurons, and multiciliated/ependymal cells were less affected by TTFields. The TTFields-mediated loss of glioma cilia was partially rescued by chloroquine pretreatment, suggesting the effect is in part due to autophagy activation. We also observed death of ciliated cells during TTFields by live imaging. Notably, TMZ-induced stimulation of ciliogenesis in both adherent cells and gliomaspheres was blocked by TTFields. Moreover, the inhibitory effects of TTFields and TMZ on tumor cell recurrence correlated with the relative timing of TMZ exposure to TTFields and ARL13B+ cilia. Finally, TTFields disrupted cilia in patient tumors treated ex vivo. Our findings suggest TTFields efficacy may depend on the degree of tumor ciliogenesis and relative timing of TMZ treatment.

cancer biology↗