Biology subjects

Malireddi, R. K. S.

Publications and source records attributed to Malireddi, R. K. S..

4 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2022

Methotrexate inhibition of muropeptide transporter SLC46A2 controls psoriatic skin inflammation

Cytosolic innate immune sensing is critical for protecting barrier tissues. NOD1 and NOD2 are cytosolic sensors of small peptidoglycan fragments (muropeptides) derived from the bacterial cell wall. These muropeptides enter cells, especially epithelial cells, through unclear mechanisms. We previously implicated SLC46 transporters in muropeptide transport in Drosophila immunity. Here we focus on Slc46a2, which is highly expressed in mammalian epidermal keratinocytes, and show that it is critical for delivery of DAP-muropeptides and activation of NOD1 in keratinocytes, while the related transporter Slc46a3 is critical for responding to MDP, the NOD2 ligand. In a mouse model, Slc46a2 and Nod1 deficiency strongly suppressed psoriatic inflammation, while methotrexate, a commonly used psoriasis therapeutic, inhibited Slc46a2-dependent transport of DAP-muropeptides. Collectively these studies define SLC46A2 as a transporter of NOD1 activating muropeptides, with critical roles in the skin barrier, and identify this transporter as an important target for anti-inflammatory intervention.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2022

Determining distinct roles of IL-1α through generation of an IL-1α knockout mouse with no defect in IL-1β expression

Interleukin 1 (IL-1) and IL-1{beta} are the founding members of the IL-1 cytokine family, and these innate immune inflammatory mediators are critically important in health and disease. Early studies on these molecules suggested that their expression was interdependent, with an initial genetic model of IL-1 depletion, the IL-1 KO mouse (Il1a-KOline1), showing reduced IL-1{beta} expression. However, studies using this line in models of infection and inflammation resulted in contrasting observations. To overcome the limitations of this genetic model, we have generated and characterized a new line of IL-1 KO mice (Il1a-KOline2) using CRISPR-Cas9 technology. In contrast to cells from the Il1a-KOline1, where IL-1{beta} expression was drastically reduced, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from Il1a-KOline2 mice showed normal induction and activation of IL-1{beta}. Additionally, Il1a-KOline2 BMDMs showed normal inflammasome activation and IL-1{beta} expression in response to multiple innate immune triggers, including both pathogen-associated molecular patterns and pathogens. Moreover, using Il1a-KOline2 cells, we confirmed that IL-1, independent of IL-1{beta}, is critical for the expression of the neutrophil chemoattractant KC/CXCL1. Overall, we report the generation of a new line of IL-1 KO mice and confirm functions for IL-1 independent of IL-1{beta}. Future studies on the unique functions of IL-1 and IL-1{beta} using these mice will be critical to identify new roles for these molecules in health and disease and develop therapeutic strategies.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2020

COVID-19 cytokines and the hyperactive immune response: Synergism of TNF-α and IFN-γ in triggering inflammation, tissue damage, and death

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant morbidity and mortality. Currently, there is a critical shortage of proven treatment options and an urgent need to understand the pathogenesis of multi-organ failure and lung damage. Cytokine storm is associated with severe inflammation and organ damage during COVID-19. However, a detailed molecular pathway defining this cytokine storm is lacking, and gaining mechanistic understanding of how SARS-CoV-2 elicits a hyperactive inflammatory response is critical to develop effective therapeutics. Of the multiple inflammatory cytokines produced by innate immune cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection, we found that the combined production of TNF- and IFN-{gamma} specifically induced inflammatory cell death, PANoptosis, characterized by gasdermin-mediated pyroptosis, caspase-8-mediated apoptosis, and MLKL-mediated necroptosis. Deletion of pyroptosis, apoptosis, or necroptosis mediators individually was not sufficient to protect against cell death. However, cells deficient in both RIPK3 and caspase-8 or RIPK3 and FADD were resistant to this cell death. Mechanistically, the JAK/STAT1/IRF1 axis activated by TNF- and IFN-{gamma} co-treatment induced iNOS for the production of nitric oxide. Pharmacological and genetic deletion of this pathway inhibited pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis in macrophages. Moreover, inhibition of PANoptosis protected mice from TNF- and IFN-{gamma}-induced lethal cytokine shock that mirrors the pathological symptoms of COVID-19. In vivo neutralization of both TNF- and IFN-{gamma} in multiple disease models associated with cytokine storm showed that this treatment provided substantial protection against not only SARS-CoV-2 infection, but also sepsis, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and cytokine shock models, demonstrating the broad physiological relevance of this mechanism. Collectively, our findings suggest that blocking the cytokine-mediated inflammatory cell death signaling pathway identified here may benefit patients with COVID-19 or other cytokine storm-driven syndromes by limiting inflammation and tissue damage. The findings also provide a molecular and mechanistic description for the term cytokine storm. Additionally, these results open new avenues for the treatment of other infectious and autoinflammatory diseases and cancers where TNF- and IFN-{gamma} synergism play key pathological roles.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2020

Za2 domain of ZBP1 is a molecular switch regulating Influenza-induced PANoptosis and perinatal lethality during development

Z-DNA-binding protein 1 (ZBP1) is an innate nucleic acid sensor which regulates host defense responses and development. ZBP1 activation triggers inflammation and pyroptosis, necroptosis, and apoptosis (PANoptosis) by activating RIPK3, caspase-8, and the NLRP3 inflammasome. ZBP1 is unique among innate sensors because of its N-terminal Z1 and Z2 domains, which bind to nucleic acids in the Z-conformation. However, the specific role of these Z domains in orchestrating ZBP1 activation and subsequent inflammation and cell death is not clear. Here we have generated Zbp1{Delta}Z2/{Delta}Z2 mice that lack the Z2 domain of ZBP1 and demonstrate that this domain is critical for influenza A virus (IAV)-induced PANoptosis and perinatal lethality in RIPK1-RHIM mutated (Ripk1RHIM/RHIM) mice. Deletion of the Z2 domain in ZBP1 abolished IAV-induced PANoptosis and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Furthermore, deletion of the Z2 domain of ZBP1 was sufficient to rescue Ripk1RHIM/RHIM mice from the perinatal lethality which is caused by ZBP1-driven cell death and inflammation. Our findings identify the essential role of the Z2 domain of ZBP1 in physiological functions and establish a link between sensing of Z-RNAs via the Z2 domain and the promotion of influenza-induced PANoptosis and perinatal lethality.

immunology↗