Ludlow, A. | Search bioRxiv

bioRxiv2021

A new murine Rpl5 (uL18) mutation provides a unique model of variably penetrant Diamond Blackfan Anemia

Ribosome dysfunction is implicated in multiple abnormal developmental and disease states in humans. Heterozygous germline mutations in genes encoding ribosomal proteins (RPs) are found in the majority of individuals with Diamond Blackfan anemia (DBA) while somatic mutations have been implicated in a variety of cancers and other disorders. Ribosomal protein-deficient animal models show variable phenotypes and penetrance, similar to human DBA patients. The spontaneous anemia remission observed in some DBA patients occurs via unknown mechanism(s) and has not been previously described in animal models. Here we characterized a novel ENU mouse mutant (Skax23m1Jus) with growth and skeletal defects, cardiac malformations and increased mortality. Following genetic mapping and whole exome sequencing, we identified an intronic Rpl5 mutation, which segregated with all affected mice. This mutation was associated with decreased ribosome generation, consistent with Rpl5 haploinsufficiency. Rpl5Skax23-Jus mutant animals had a profound delay in erythroid maturation and increased mortality at embryonic day E12.5, which improved by E14.5. Surviving mutant animals had a macrocytic anemia at birth as well as evidence of ventricular septal defect (VSD). Surviving adult and aged mice exhibited no hematopoietic defect or VSD. We propose that this novel Rpl5Skax23-Jus mutant mouse will be useful to study the factors influencing the variable penetrance and anemia remission that are observed in DBA.

developmental biology↗

bioRxiv2019

A dynamic control of human telomerase holoenzyme

Human telomerase functions in maintaining genome stability by adding telomeric repeats to the termini of linear chromosomes. Past studies have revealed profound insights into telomerase functions. However, low abundance of functional telomerase and difficulty in quantifying its activity leave partially characterized its thermodynamic and kinetic properties. Using a newly developed method to count individual extension products, we demonstrate that human telomerase holoenzymes contain fast- and slow-acting catalytic sites. Surprisingly, both active sites become inactive after two consecutive rounds of catalysis. The fast active sites turn off ~40-fold quicker than the slow ones and exhibit higher affinity to substrates. In dimeric enzymes, the two sites work in tandem with the faster site functioning before the slower one. In monomeric enzymes, the active sites also perform single-run catalysis. Interestingly, the inactive enzymes can be reactivated by intracellular telomerase-activating factors (iTAFs) available in multiple cell types. Together, the single-run catalysis and the iTAF-triggered reactivation serve as a novel control circuit to ensure that the telomerase holoenzymes are dynamically controlled to match their number of active sites with the number of telomeres they extend. Such exquisite kinetic control of telomerase activity is expected to play important roles in cell division and ageing.

cell biology↗