Biology subjects

Lopez Perez, K.

Publications and source records attributed to Lopez Perez, K..

5 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2025

BitBIRCH Clustering Refinement Strategies

Chemical libraries are becoming not only increasingly bigger, but they are doing so at an accelerated pace. Keeping up with this explosion in chemical data demands more than just hardware upgrades, we need dramatically more efficient algorithms as well. We have been working in this direction, with the introduction of the iSIM framework, which uses n-ary similarity to speed up the processing of very large sets. Recently, we showed how to use this technique to cluster billions of molecules with unprecedented efficiency through the BitBIRCH algorithm. In this Application Note we present a package fully-dedicated to expanding on the BitBIRCH method, including multiple options that give the user appreciable control over the tree structure, while dramatically improving the quality of the final partitions. Remarkably, this is achieved without compromising the efficiency of the original method. We also present new post-processing tools that help dissect the clustering information, as well as ample examples showcasing the new functionalities. BitBIRCH is publicly available at: https://github.com/mqcomplab/bitbirch.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2025

iCliff Taylor's version: Robust and Efficient Activity Cliff Determination

Activity cliffs represent an important challenge to tackle in cheminformatics and drug design. One of the most common indicators to quantify them is the SALI index. Here we expose mathematical limitations of SALIs formulation, the most evident: it is undefined in instances where the similarity between two molecules is one. We show how using a simple Taylors series can aid this main problem, yielding a defined expression that can capture the ranking information from the original SALI. The second issue to solve is the quadratic complexity of using SALI to describe the roughness of the activity landscape of a set. Here, we propose iCliff, an indicator that can quantify the roughness in linear complexity. For this, we leverage the iSIM framework to obtain the average similarity of the set and a rearrangement to obtain the average of the squared property differences. The calculations for 30 different AC-focused databases suggest that there is a strong correlation between iCliff and the average pairwise of SALIs pairwise Taylor Series. To further explore the individual effects of removing each molecule in the activity landscape, we propose complementary iCliff. With this tool, we were able to identify the molecules that have a high number of activity cliffs with the rest of the molecules in the set.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2025

Is Tanimoto a metric?

No. However, here we show how to generate a metric consistent with the Tanimoto similarity. We also explore new properties of this index, and how it relates to other popular alternatives.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2025

Growth vs. Diversity: A Time-Evolution Analysis of the Chemical Space

Chemical space is a core and theoretical concept in cheminformatics, and it also has practical applications in drug discovery and other research areas. Chemical space is frequently associated with the number of molecules in the universe (e.g., chemical universe). It is well known that the number of compounds (both synthesized and theoretical ones) is rapidly increasing. It would be obvious to affirm that the chemical space is expanding (as a proxy of growth). But is the chemical diversity of compound libraries growing? In this study, we tackle this question by assessing quantitatively the time evolution of chemical libraries in terms of the chemical diversity as measured with molecular fingerprints. To tackle this task, we employed innovative cheminformatics methods to assess the progress over time of the chemical diversity of compound libraries available in the public domain. Using the iSIM and the BitBIRCH clustering algorithm, we conclude that, based on the fingerprints used to represent the chemical structures, just an increasing number of molecules cannot be directly translated to diversity for the analyzed libraries. With these tools, we have identified what releases contributed to the diversity of the library and the zones it did.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2024

Efficient clustering of large molecular libraries

The widespread use of Machine Learning (ML) techniques in chemical applications has come with the pressing need to analyze extremely large molecular libraries. In particular, clustering remains one of the most common tools to dissect the chemical space. Unfortunately, most current approaches present unfavorable time and memory scaling, which makes them unsuitable to handle million- and billion-sized sets. Here, we propose to bypass these problems with a time- and memory-efficient clustering algorithm, BitBIRCH. This method uses a tree structure similar to the one found in the Balanced Iterative Reducing and Clustering using Hierarchies (BIRCH) algorithm to ensure O(N) time scaling. BitBIRCH leverages the instant similarity (iSIM) formalism to process binary fingerprints, allowing the use of Tanimoto similarity, and reducing memory requirements. Our tests show that BitBIRCH is already > 1,000 times faster than standard implementations of the Taylor-Butina clustering for libraries with 1,500,000 molecules. BitBIRCH increases efficiency without compromising the quality of the resulting clusters. We explore strategies to handle large sets, which we applied in the clustering of one billion molecules under 5 hours using a parallel/iterative BitBIRCH approximation.

bioinformatics↗