Lodge, D. J. | Search bioRxiv

bioRxiv2025

Revisions to the Gliophorus irrigatus complex (Agaricales, Hygrophoraceae, Gliophorus, section Unguinosae) including a new waxcap, G. alboviscidus, from the UK but detected globally via soil eDNA, two new species from eastern North America, G. fumosus and G. parafumosus, plus a new species, G. calunus, and a new combination of Hygrophorus subaromaticus in Gliophorus from western North America.

Here we report the discovery of four new agaricoid fungi in the Gliophorus irrigatus complex of the family Hygrophoraceae. Gliophorus alboviscidus sp. nov. from the UK is morphologically identical to the European G. irrigatus (which we neotypify), except that its basidiome is white or pale Buff coloured vs brownish grey. Two new species from eastern North America, Gliophorus fumosus sp. nov. (provisional name Gliophorus sp. irrigatus-IN01), and Gliophorus parafumosus sp. nov (previously labelled G. irrigatus) resemble G. irrigatus s.s. in colour and morphology but their distributions are restricted to North America. Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that these samples form distinct clades, with >10% ITS sequence divergence from European G. irrigatus s.s. and from each other. Though G. alboviscidus sp. nov. is currently known only from two locations in the UK, searches for related sequences from eDNA (environmental DNA) sequence repositories (UNITE/GlobalFungi) suggested that this species is more widely distributed in Eurasia. G. fumosus and G. parafumosus sequences from eastern North America were divergent from both European G. irrigatus and G. alboviscidus; both were more closely related to another species with a strong odour and white/Buff basidiomes from northwestern North America, Hygrophorus subaromaticus for which we sequenced the holotype and recombine in the genus Gliophorus. We also describe a new species from northwestern North America, G. calunus sp. nov. (provisional name Gliophorus sp. irrigatus-CA01), based on vouchered specimens photographed and sequenced by an paraprofessional group, CA FUNDIS. We highlight the importance of citizen scientist groups and paraprofessionals in documenting macrofungal species and their distributions via databases such as iNaturalist, Mushroom Observer and MycoMap. Further, we discuss reasons eDNA distributions are often larger than known distributions of basidiomes, including G. alboviscidus and G. fumosus.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2020

Buprenorphine exposure alters the development and migration of interneurons in the cortex

The misuse of opioids has reached epidemic proportions over the last decade, with over 2.1 million people in the U.S. suffering from substance use disorders related to prescription opioid pain relievers. This increase in opioid misuse affects all demographics of society, including women of child-bearing age, which has led to a rise in opioid use during pregnancy. Opioid use during pregnancy has been associated with increased risk of obstetric complications and adverse neonatal outcomes, including neonatal abstinence syndrome. Currently, opioid use disorder in pregnant women is treated with long-acting opioid agonists, including buprenorphine. Although buprenorphine reduces illicit opioid use during pregnancy and improves infant outcomes at birth, few long-term studies of the neurodevelopmental consequences have been conducted. The goal of the current experiments was to examine the effects of buprenorphine on the development of the cortex using fetal brain tissue, 3D brain cultures, and rodent models. First, we demonstrated that we can grow cortical and subpallial spheroids, which model the cellular diversity, connectivity, and activity of the developing human brain. Next, we show that cells in the developing human cortex express the nociceptin opioid (NOP) receptor and that buprenorphine can signal through this receptor in cortical spheroids. Using subpallial spheroids to grow inhibitory interneurons, we show that buprenorphine can alter interneuron development and migration into the cortex. Finally, using a rodent model of prenatal buprenorphine exposure, we demonstrate that alterations in interneuron distribution can persist into adulthood. Together, these results suggest that more research is needed into the long-lasting consequences of buprenorphine exposure on the developing human brain.

developmental biology↗