Biology subjects

Lilla, S.

Publications and source records attributed to Lilla, S..

27 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

bioRxiv2021

Maturation, developmental site, and pathology dictate murine neutrophil function

Neutrophils have been implicated in poor outcomes in cancer and severe inflammation. We found that neutrophils expressing intermediate levels of Ly6G (Ly6GInt) were present in mouse cancer models and more abundant in those with high rates of spontaneous metastasis. Maturation, age, tissue localization and functional capacity all drive neutrophil heterogeneity. Recent studies have proposed various markers to distinguish between these heterogeneous sub-populations; however, these markers are limited to specific models of inflammation and cancer. Here, we identify and define Ly6G expression level as a robust and reliable marker to distinguish neutrophils at different stages of maturation. Ly6GInt neutrophils were bona fide immature neutrophils with reduced immune regulatory and adhesion capacity. Whereas the bone marrow is a more recognised site of granulopoiesis, the spleen also produces neutrophils in homeostasis and cancer. Strikingly, neutrophils matured faster in the spleen than in the bone marrow with unique transcriptional profiles. We propose that developmental origin is critical in neutrophil identity and postulate that neutrophils that develop in the spleen supplement the bone marrow by providing an intermediate more mature reserve before emergency haematopoiesis.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2021

THEM6-mediated lipid remodelling sustains stress resistance in cancer

Despite the clinical benefit of androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT), the majority of patients with advanced prostate cancer (PCa) ultimately develop lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In this study, we identified thioesterase superfamily member 6 (THEM6) as a marker of ADT resistance in PCa. In patients, THEM6 expression correlates with progressive disease and is associated with poor survival. THEM6 deletion reduces in vivo tumour growth and restores castration sensitivity in orthograft models of CRPC. Mechanistically, THEM6 is located at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and controls lipid homeostasis by regulating intracellular levels of ether lipids. Consequently, THEM6 loss in CRPC cells significantly alters ER function, reducing de novo sterol biosynthesis and preventing lipid-mediated induction of ATF4. Finally, we show that THEM6 is required for the establishment of the MYC-induced stress response. Thus, similar to PCa, THEM6 loss significantly impairs tumorigenesis in the MYC-dependent subtype of triple negative breast cancer. Altogether, our results highlight THEM6 as a novel component of the treatment-induced stress response and a promising target for the treatment of CRPC and MYC-driven cancer.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2020

Schlafen family member 5 (SLFN5) regulates LAT1-mediated mTOR activation in castration-resistant prostate cancer

Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) is the standard of care for the treatment of non-resectable prostate cancer (PCa). Despite high treatment efficiency, most patients ultimately develop lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In this study, we perform a comparative proteomic analysis of three in vivo, androgen receptor (AR)-driven, orthograft models of CRPC. Differential proteomic analysis reveals that distinct molecular mechanisms, including amino acid (AA) and fatty acid (FA) metabolism, are involved in the response to ADT between the different models. Despite this heterogeneity, we identify SLFN5 as an AR-regulated biomarker in CRPC. SLFN5 expression is high in CRPC tumours and correlates with poor patient outcome. In vivo, SLFN5 depletion strongly impairs tumour growth in castrated condition. Mechanistically, SLFN5 interacts with ATF4 and regulates the expression of LAT1, an essential AA transporter. Consequently, SLFN5 depletion in CRPC cells decreases intracellular levels of essential AA and impairs mTORC1 signalling in a LAT1-dependent manner.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2020

Metabolic control of tumour extracellular matrix production in cancer-associated fibroblasts

TElevated production of collagen-rich extracellular matrix (ECM) is a hallmark of cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and a central driver of cancer aggressiveness. How to target ECM production to oppose cancer is yet unclear, since targeting CAFs has been shown to restrain but also promote cancer progression. Metabolic rewiring is a hallmark of CAFs. Here we find that proline, which is a highly abundant amino acid in collagen proteins, is newly synthesised from glutamine to make tumour collagen in breast cancer xenografts, and that its production is elevated in breast cancer CAFs. PYCR1 is the rate-limiting enzyme for proline synthesis and is highly expressed in the tumour stroma of breast cancer patients and in CAFs. Reducing PYCR1 levels in CAFs is sufficient to reduce tumour collagen production, tumour growth and metastatic spread in vivo and cancer cell proliferation in vitro. PYCR1 and COL1A1 are overexpressed in patients with invasive ductal carcinoma with poor prognosis. Both collagen and glutamine-derived proline synthesis in CAFs are enhanced by increased pyruvate dehydrogenase-derived acetyl-CoA levels, via gene expression regulation through the epigenetic regulator histone acetyl transferase EP300. Altogether, our work unveils unprecedented roles of CAF metabolism to support pro-tumorigenic collagen production. PYCR1 is a recognised cancer cell vulnerability and potential target for therapy, hence, our work provides evidence that targeting PYCR1 in tumours may have the additional benefit of halting the production of pro-tumorigenic ECM.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2019

Spatial restriction of phosphoinositide metabolism is a molecular switch to promote metastasis.

The signalling pathways underpinning cell growth and invasion use overlapping components, yet how mutually exclusive cellular responses occur is unclear. We developed 3-Dimensional culture analyses to separately quantify growth and invasion. We identify that alternate variants of IQSEC1, an ARF GTPase Exchange Factor, act as switches to promote invasion over growth by spatially enriching cortical phosphoinositide metabolism. All IQSEC1 variants activate ARF5- and ARF6-dependent PIP5-kinase to promote PI(3,4,5)P3-AKT signalling and growth. In contrast, select pro-invasive IQSEC1 variants restrict PI(3,4,5)P3 production to discrete cortical domains to form invasion-driving protrusions. Inhibition of IQSEC1 attenuates invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo. Induction of pro-invasive IQSEC1 variants and elevated IQSEC1 expression occurs in a number of tumour types and is associated with higher-grade metastatic cancer, activation of PIP3-signalling, and predicts long-term poor outcome across multiple cancers. Spatial enrichment of phosphoinositide metabolism therefore is a switch to induce invasion over growth in response to the same external signal. Targeting IQSEC1 as the central regulator of this switch may represent a therapeutic vulnerability to stop metastasis. HighlightsO_LISpatial enrichment of PI(3,4,5)P3 is a molecular switch to promote invasion. C_LIO_LIIQSEC1 is a GEF for ARF5/6, promoting PIP5K-dependent PI(3,4,5)P3 production downstream of the HGF receptor Met. C_LIO_LIPro-invasive IQSEC1 variants restrict cortical PI(3,4,5)P3 production to subdomains that convert into invasive protrusions. C_LIO_LIIQSEC1 inhibition attenuates in vitro invasion and metastasis in vivo. C_LIO_LIIQSEC1 module is associated with poor outcome across tumour types. C_LI

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2019

The Mammalian Cytosolic Thioredoxin Reductase Pathway Acts via a Membrane Protein to Reduce ER-localised Proteins

Folding of proteins entering the mammalian secretory pathway requires the insertion of the correct disulfide bonds. Disulfide formation involves both an oxidative pathway for their insertion and a reductive pathway to remove incorrectly formed disulfides. Reduction of these disulfides is critical for correct folding and degradation of misfolded proteins. Previously, we showed that the reductive pathway is driven by NADPH generated in the cytosol. Here, by reconstituting the pathway using purified proteins and ER microsomal membranes, we demonstrate that the thioredoxin reductase system provides the minimal cytosolic components required for reducing proteins within the ER lumen. In particular, saturation of the pathway and its protease sensitivity demonstrates the requirement for a membrane protein to shuttle electrons from the cytosol to the ER lumen. These results provide compelling evidence for the critical role of the cytosol in regulating ER redox homeostasis to ensure correct protein folding and to facilitate the degradation of misfolded ER proteins.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2019

Formate induces a metabolic switch in nucleotide and energy metabolism

Formate is a precursor for the de novo synthesis of purine and deoxythymidine nucleotides. Formate also interacts with energy metabolism by promoting the synthesis of adenine nucleotides. Here we use theoretical modelling together with metabolomics analysis to investigate the link between formate, nucleotide and energy metabolism. We uncover that endogenous or exogenous formate induces a metabolic switch from low to high adenine nucleotide levels, increasing the rate of glycolysis and repressing the AMPK activity. Formate also induces an increase in the pyrimidine precursor orotate and the urea cycle intermediate argininosuccinate, in agreement with the ATP dependent activities of carbamoyl-phosphate and argininosuccinate synthetase. In vivo data for mouse and human cancers confirms the association between increased formate production, nucleotide and energy metabolism. Finally, the in vitro observations are recapitulated in mice following intraperitoneal injection of formate. We conclude that formate is a potent regulator of purine, pyrimidine and energy metabolism.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2019

Cell-substrate adhesion drives Scar/WAVE activation and phosphorylation, which controls pseudopod lifetime

The Scar/WAVE complex is the principal catalyst of pseudopod and lamellipod formation. Here we show that Scar/WAVEs proline-rich domain is polyphosphorylated after the complex is activated. Treatments that stop activation block phosphorylation in both Dictyostelium and mammalian cells. This implies that phosphorylation modulates pseudopods after they have been formed, rather than controlling whether a protrusion is initiated. Unexpectedly, activation-dependent phosphorylation is not promoted by chemotactic signalling, or by signal-dependent kinases such as ERKs, but is greatly stimulated by cell:substrate adhesion. Scar/WAVE that has been mutated to be either unphosphorylatable or phosphomimetic is activated normally, and rescues the phenotype of scar- cells, demonstrating that phosphorylation is dispensible for activation and actin regulation. However, pseudopods and patches of Scar/WAVE complex recruitment last substantially longer in unphosphorylatable mutants, altering cell polarisation and the efficiency of migration. We conclude that pseudopod engagement with substratum is more important than extracellular signals at regulating Scar/WAVEs activity, and that phosphorylation acts as a timer, restricting pseudopod lifetime by promoting Scar/WAVE turnover.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2017

CYRI (FAM49) proteins are local inhibitors of Scar/WAVE induced lamellipodia that bind directly to active Rac1

Actin-based protrusions driving cell migration are reinforced through positive feedback, but it is unclear how the cell restricts the eventual size of a protrusion or limits positive signals to cause splitting or retraction. We have identified an evolutionarily conserved regulator of the protrusion machinery, which we name CYRI (CYFIP-related Rac interacting) protein. CYRI shows sequence similarity to the Scar/WAVE complex member CYFIP in a Domain of Unknown Function, DUF1394. CYRI binds specifically to activated Rac1 via a common motif shared with CYFIP, establishing DUF1394 as a new Rac1 binding domain. CYRI-depleted cells have broad, Scar/WAVE-enriched lamellipodia and enhanced Rac1 signaling. Conversely, CYRI overexpression suppresses spreading and dramatically sharpens protrusions into unproductive needles. CYRI proteins use dynamic inhibition of Scar/WAVE induced actin to focus positive protrusion signals and regulate pseudopod complexity. CYRI behaves like a \"local inhibitor\" predicted and described in widely accepted mathematical models, but not previously identified in living cells.

cell biology↗