Cell cycle-dependent S-sulfenyl proteomics uncover a redox switch in p21-CDK feedback governing the proliferation-senescence decision
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) influence cell proliferation and fate decisions by oxidizing cysteine residues (S-sulfenylation) of proteins, but specific targets and underlying regulatory mechanisms remain poorly defined. Here, we employ redox proteomics to identify cell cycle-coordinated S-sulfenylation events and investigate their functional role in proliferation control. Although ROS levels rise during cell cycle progression, overall oxidation of the proteome remains constant with dynamic S-sulfenylation restricted to a subset of cysteines. Among these, we identify a critical redox-sensitive cysteine residue (C41) in the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21. C41 oxidation regulates the interaction of p21 with CDK2 and CDK4, controlling a double-negative feedback loop that determines p21 stability. When C41 remains reduced, p21s half-life increases in G2 phase resulting in more p21 inheritance to daughter cells suppressing proliferation and promoting senescence after irradiation. Notably, we identify dynamic S-sulfenylation on further cell cycle regulators implying coordination of cell cycle and redox control.