Biology subjects

Kwasniewski, M.

Publications and source records attributed to Kwasniewski, M..

5 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2022

Grapevine leaf size influences vine canopy temperature

PremiseGrapevine leaves have diverse shapes and sizes. Their shape and size is known to be influenced by many factors including genetics, vine phytosanitary status, environment, leaf and vine age, and node position on the shoot. In order to determine the importance of grapevine leaf shape and size to canopy temperature, we examined the relationship in five seedling populations grown in a vineyard in California, USA. MethodsAll of the populations had one parent with compound leaves of the Vitis piasezkii type and each population had a different second parent with non-compound leaves. In previous work, we measured leaf shape and size using 21 homologous landmarks. Here, we paired these morphology data with measurements taken using an infrared thermometer to measure the temperature of the canopy. By recording time of sampling and canopy temperature, we were able to determine which vines were cooler or hotter than expected, using a linear model. ResultsWe established a relationship between leaf size and canopy temperature: vines with larger leaves were cooler than expected. In contrast, leaf shape was not strongly correlated with variation in temperature. ConclusionsUltimately, these findings indicate that vines with larger leaves may contribute to the reduction of overall vine canopy temperature, but further work is needed to determine if this is due to variation in leaf size, differences in the openness of the canopy, or other related traits.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2022

Increases in vein length compensate for leaf area lost to lobing in grapevine

PremiseThere is considerable variation in leaf lobing and leaf size, including among grapevines, some of the most well-studied leaves. We examined the relationship between leaf lobing and leaf size across grapevine populations which varied in extent of leaf lobing. MethodsWe used homologous landmarking techniques to measure 2,632 leaves across two years in 476 unique, genetically distinct grapevines from 5 biparental crosses which vary primarily in the extent of lobing. We determined to what extent leaf area could explain variation in lobing, vein length, and vein to blade ratio. ResultsAlthough lobing was the primary source of variation in shape across the leaves we measured, leaf area varied only slightly as a function of lobing. Rather, leaf area increases as a function of total major vein length, total branching vein length, and decreases as a function of vein to blade ratio. These relationships are stronger for more highly lobed leaves, with the residuals for each model differing as a function of distal lobing. ConclusionsFor a given leaf area, more highly lobed leaves have longer veins and higher vein to blade ratios, allowing them to maintain similar leaf areas despite increased lobing. These findings show how more highly lobed leaves may compensate for what would otherwise result in a reduced leaf area, allowing for increased photosynthetic capacity through similar leaf size.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2022

Temporal and environmental factors interact with rootstock genotype to shape leaf elemental composition in grafted grapevines

Plants take up elements through their roots and transport them to their shoot systems for use in numerous biochemical, physiological, and structural functions. Elemental composition of above-ground plant tissues, such as leaves, reflects both above- and below-ground activities of the plant genotype, as well the local environment. Perennial, grafted plants, where the root system of one individual is fused to the shoot system of a genetically distinct individual, offer a powerful experimental system in which to study the role of the root system in the elemental composition of the shoot system. We measured elemental composition of over 7000 leaves in the grapevine cultivar Chambourcin growing ungrafted and grafted to three rootstock genotypes. Leaves were collected over multiple years and phenological stages (across the season) and along a developmental time series. Temporal components of this study had the largest effect on leaf elemental composition; and rootstock genotype interacted with year, phenological stage, and leaf age to differentially modulate leaf elemental composition. Further, the local, above-ground environment affected leaf elemental composition, an effect influenced by rootstock genotype. This work highlights the dynamic nature by which root systems interact with shoot systems to respond to temporal and environmental variation.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2020

Root system influence on high dimensional leaf phenotypes over the grapevine growing season

O_LIIn many perennial crops, grafting the root system of one individual to the shoot system of another individual has become an integral part of propagation performed at industrial scales to enhance pest, disease, and stress tolerance and to regulate yield and vigor. Grafted plants offer important experimental systems for understanding the extent and seasonality of root system effects on shoot system biology. C_LIO_LIUsing an experimental vineyard where a common scion Chambourcin is growing ungrafted and grafted to three different rootstocks, we explore associations between root system genotype and leaf phenotypes in grafted grapevines across a growing season. We quantified five high-dimensional leaf phenotyping modalities: ionomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, morphometrics, and physiology and show that rootstock influence is subtle but ubiquitous across modalities. C_LIO_LIWe find strong signatures of rootstock influence on the leaf ionome, with unique signatures detected at each phenological stage. Moreover, all phenotypes and patterns of phenotypic covariation were highly dynamic across the season. C_LIO_LIThese findings expand upon previously identified patterns to suggest that the influence of root system on shoot system phenotypes is complex and broad understanding necessitates volumes of high-dimensional, multi-scale data previously unmet. C_LI

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2018

Rootstock effects on scion phenotypes in a ‘Chambourcin’ experimental vineyard

Understanding how root systems modulate shoot system phenotypes is a fundamental question in plant biology and will be useful in developing resilient agricultural crops. Grafting is a common horticultural practice that joins the roots (rootstock) of one plant to the shoot (scion) of another, providing an excellent method for investigating how these two organ systems affect each other. In this study, we use the French-American hybrid grapevine Chambourcin (Vitis L.) as a model to explore the rootstock-scion relationship. We examined leaf shape, ion concentrations, and gene expression in Chambourcin grown own-rooted as well as grafted to three different rootstocks ( SO4, 1103P and 3309C) across two years and three different irrigation treatments. Results described here demonstrate that 1) the largest source of variation in leaf shape stems from the interaction of rootstock by irrigation; 2) leaf position, but also rootstock and rootstock by irrigation interaction, are the primary sources of variation in leaf ion concentrations; and 3) gene expression in scion leaves exhibited significantly different patterns of gene expression from ungrafted vines, and these expression patterns were rootstock-specific. Our work provides an initial description of the subtle and complex effect of grafting on Chambourcin leaf morphology, ionomics and gene expression in grapevine scions. Further work across multiple years, environments and additional phenotypes is required in order to determine how the relationship between the rootstock and the scion can best be leveraged for adapting grapevines to a changing climate.

plant biology↗