Quantifying flight aptitude variation in wild A. gambiae s.l. in order to identify long-distance migrants
BackgroundIn the West African Sahel, during the 5-7 month-long dry season mosquito reproduction is halted due to the absence of surface waters required for larval development. Recent studies have suggested that both Anopheles gambiae s.s and A. arabiensis persist in this region by migration from distant locations where larval sites are perennial, and A. coluzzii engages in long-distance migration, presumably within the Sahel, following shifting resources due to the ever-changing patterns of Sahelian rainfall. Understanding mosquito migration is key to malaria control, a disease that still kills >400,000 people, mostly children in Africa. MethodsWe used a new tethered-flight assay to characterize flight in the three primary malaria vectors mentioned above and evaluated seasonal differences in their flight activity. The flight of tethered wild mosquitoes was audio-recorded from 21:00h to 05:00h in the following morning and three flight aptitude indices were examined: total flight duration, longest flight bout, and the number of flight bouts during the assay. Based on recent studies, we predicted that (i) the distribution of the flight aptitude indices would exhibit bi-modality and/or marked skewness, indicating a subpopulation of high flight activity (HFA) associated with long-distance migrants, in contrast to low flight activity (LFA) in appetitive flyers. Additionally, flight aptitude would (ii) increase in the wet season, (iii) increase in gravid females, and (iv) vary among the vector species. ResultsThe distributions of all flight indices departed sharply from a normal curve, and were strongly skewed to the right, consistent with the division of the population into a majority of LFAs and a minority of HFAs, e.g., the median total flight was 586 seconds, and its maximum value was 16,110 seconds (~4.5 h). As predicted, flight aptitude peaked in the wet season and was higher in gravid females than in non-bloodfed females. Flight aptitude was higher in A. coluzzii than in A. arabiensis, but A. gambiae s.s. was not statistically different from either. We evaluated differences in wing size and shape between LFAs and HFAs. During the wet season, wing size of HFA A. coluzzii was larger than that of LFAs; it was wider than predicted by its length, indicating a shape change. However, no statistically significant differences were found in wings of A. gambiae s.s. or A. arabiensis. ConclusionsThe partial agreement between the assay results and predictions suggest a degree of discrimination between appetitive flyers and long-distance migrants. Wing size and shape seems to indicate higher flight activity in A. coluzzii during the wet season.