Unveiling a missing component of the atypical type IV secretion system required for natural transformation of Helicobacter pylori
Exchange of genetic information by natural transformation shapes bacterial evolution. In Helicobacter pylori it is thought to drive its unusually high recombination rate, which has a crucial role in the evolution of virulence and the propagation of antibiotics resistance genes. While in most cases uptake of the incoming DNA into the periplasm is mediated by type IV pili, in H. pylori this initial step of natural transformation requires ComB, a unique competence-specific type IV secretion system (T4SS). The mechanisms by which ComB mediates DNA uptake are still poorly understood, since T4SS are usually involved in an opposite process of DNA export. Here, we identify a gene (hp1421) that is absolutely required for uptake of the transforming DNA into the periplasm, although distant from the comB operons. We show that hp1421 codes for a hexameric ATPase from the VirB11 family. HP1421 is present in the cytoplasm and interacts with ComB4, another ATPase of the T4SS inner membrane subcomplex. The structural modelling and functional analysis of HP1421 and its interaction with ComB4 indicate that HP1421 is a missing component of the ComB inner-membrane subcomplex that we propose to name ComB11. Phylogenetic analyses show that comB11 is a H. pylori core gene and suggest that the competence-dedicated ComB T4SS was a recent acquisition within Helicobacteraceae. Hence, co-option of the T4SS for DNA transformation requires nearly all the proteins that were previously essential for DNA conjugation. Author SummaryThe capacity of bacteria to exchange genetic information contributes in the case of pathogens to the spreading of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors. For Helicobacter pylori, a Gram-negative pathogen that colonises about half of the world population and is at the origin of diseases such as ulcers and gastric cancers, natural transformation is the major mechanism of horizontal gene transfer. However, H. pylori uses a very unusual system to capture and internalise the foreign DNA. Indeed, a Type 4 secretion system mediates this process. Here, we identify a so far missing and essential component of the T4SS, coded by a gene distant from the operon coding the other subunits. Through a combination of structural modelling, biochemical and microscopy approaches we show that this ATPase is an indispensable part of the ComB T4SS. Our study provides new insights into the mechanism by which the peculiar ComB T4SS works backwards to allow the passage of the tDNA from the bacterial environment into the periplasm.