Biology subjects

Klitting, R.

Publications and source records attributed to Klitting, R..

3 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2018

Live Zika virus chimeric vaccine candidate based on a yellow fever 17-D attenuated backbone

Zika virus (ZIKV) recently dispersed throughout the tropics and sub-tropics causing epidemics associated with congenital disease and neurological complications. There is currently no commercial vaccine for ZIKV. Here we describe the initial development of a chimeric virus containing the prM/E proteins of a ZIKV epidemic strain incorporated into a yellow fever 17-D attenuated backbone. Using the versatile and rapid ISA (Infectious Subgenomic Amplicons) reverse genetics method, we compared different constructs and confirmed the need to modify the cleavage site between the pre-peptide and prM protein. Genotypic characterization of the chimeras indicates that emergence of compensatory mutations in the E protein is required to restore virus replicative fitness. Using an immunocompromised mouse model, we demonstrate that mice infected with the chimeric virus produced levels of neutralizing antibodies close to those observed following infection with ZIKV and that pre-immunized mice were protected against viscerotropic and neuroinvasive virus following challenge with a heterologous strain of ZIKV. These data provide a sound basis for the future development of this ZIKV vaccine candidate.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2018

Molecular determinants of Yellow Fever Virus pathogenicity in Syrian Golden Hamsters: one mutation away from virulence

Yellow fever virus (Flavivirus genus) is an arthropod-borne pathogen which can infect humans, causing a severe viscerotropic disease with a high mortality rate. Adapted viral strains allow the reproduction of yellow fever disease in hamsters with features similar to the human disease. Here, we used the Infectious Subgenomic Amplicons reverse genetics method to produce an equivalent to the hamster-virulent strain, Yellow Fever Ap7, by introducing a set of 4 synonymous and 6 non-synonymous mutations into a single subgenomic amplicon, derived from the sequence of the Asibi strain. The resulting strain, Yellow Fever Ap7M, induced a disease similar to that described for Ap7 in terms of symptoms, weight evolution, viral loads in the liver and lethality. Using the same methodology, we produced mutant strains derived from either Ap7M or Asibi viruses and investigated the role of each of Ap7M non-synonymous mutations in its in vivo phenotype. This allowed identifying key components of the virulence mechanism in hamsters. In Ap7M virus, the reversion of either E/Q27H or E/D155A mutations, led to an important reduction of both virulence and in vivo replicative fitness. In addition, the introduction of the single D155A Ap7M mutation within the E protein of the Asibi virus was sufficient to drastically modify its phenotype in hamsters towards both a greater replication efficiency and virulence. Finally, inspection of the Asibi strain E protein structure combined to in vivo testing revealed the importance of an exposed -helix in domain I, containing residues 154 and 155, for Ap7M virulence in hamsters.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2018

Exploratory re-encoding of Yellow Fever Virus genome: analysis of in vitro and in vivo replicative phenotypes

Virus attenuation by genome re-encoding is a pioneering approach for generating effective live-attenuated vaccine candidates. Its core principle is to introduce a large number of synonymous substitutions into the viral genome to produce stable attenuation of the targeted virus. Introduction of large numbers of mutations has also been shown to maintain stability of the attenuated phenotype by lowering the risk of reversion and recombination of re-encoded genomes. Identifying mutations with low fitness cost is pivotal as this increases the number that can be introduced and generates more stable and attenuated viruses. Here, we sought to identify mutations with low deleterious impact on the in vivo replication and virulence of yellow fever virus (YFV). Following comparative bioinformatic analyses of flaviviral genomes, we categorized synonymous transition mutations according to their impact on CpG/UpA composition and secondary RNA structures. We then designed 17 re-encoded viruses with 100-400 synonymous mutations in the NS2A-to-NS4B coding region of YFV Asibi and Ap7M (hamster-adapted) genomes. Each virus contained a panel of synonymous mutations designed according to the above categorisation criteria. The replication and fitness characteristics of parent and re-encoded viruses were compared in vitro using cell culture competition experiments. In vivo laboratory hamster models were also used to compare relative virulence and immunogenicity characteristics. Most of the re-encoded strains showed no decrease in replicative fitness in vitro. However, they showed reduced virulence and, in some instances, decreased replicative fitness in vivo. Importantly, the most attenuated of the re-encoded strains induced robust, protective immunity in hamsters following challenge with Ap7M, a virulent virus. Overall, the introduction of transitions with no or a marginal increase in the number of CpG/UpA dinucleotides had the mildest impact on YFV replication and virulence in vivo. Thus, this strategy can be incorporated in procedures for the finely tuned creation of substantially re-encoded viral genomes.

microbiology↗