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Biology subjects

Klein, T.

Publications and source records attributed to Klein, T..

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

NLRP3 activators disrupt the endocytic AP2 complex and plasma membrane signaling

Organellar perturbations are linked to NLRP3 inflammasome activation, however, it remains unclear whether unrelated agonists converge on a common upstream pathway. Here, we traced intracellular organelle and protein movements by differential ultracentrifugation combined with mass spectrometry-based proteomics. We show that NLRP3 activators uniformly disrupt the endocytic Adaptor Protein 2 (AP2) complex, whereas other subcellular rearrangements are stimulus-specific. We discovered Dynasore as a K-efflux-independent NLRP3 activator that engages this signaling node irrespective of endocytosis inhibition. Pharmacological and genetic perturbation of AP2 renders cells unresponsive to extracellular cues, blunting GPCR signaling, cAMP production, and chemotaxis, thereby enforcing a frozen signaling state that propagates NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Collectively, our study reveals a common surveillance checkpoint linking impaired plasma membrane signaling to the execution of inflammation and cell death. Graphical Abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/707400v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (44K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@178eb1dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@193cb02org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f50080org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f3e3e4_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG

cell biology↗

Development of a displacement-controlled uniaxial-strain bioreactor for high-throughput, dynamic in vitro cell culture

1Bone is a dynamic tissue that experiences a wide range of forces during regular daily locomotion. This environment of dynamic strain strongly influences the architecture of the extracellular matrix, and it can impact the rate that bone adapts or recovers after an injury [1], [2]. Cell research is commonly performed in mechanically static conditions in the base of well plates, yet this is a far cry from the conditions natural to osteoblasts. To better understand the behaviours of osteoblasts, it is important to ensure that platforms are available to perform cell culture experiments in mechanically dynamic environments [3]-[5]. For this reason, we have designed a bioreactor system that imparts tensile strain onto flat, cell-seeded scaffold constructs in vivo within custom well plates. The bioreactor system has 36 separated wells spread across four mechanical actuation units and can apply up to 30% tensile strain to a 15 by 9 mm area of the constructs, operating within an incubator. The wider body of mechanostimulation research also shows that different many cell types, from neurons [6] to cardiac tissue [7], [8] and more [2], [6], [9]-[11], can be stimulated with a range of stimulus and have a wide array of responses, and it is expected that the bioreactor will also be useful for this research. To be accessible to research groups, the bioreactor has predominantly been constructed from widely available components and materials. Most parts fabricated using 3D printing, and all of the electronics can be found within a typical 3D printer DIY assembly kit. The device was validated for use in a 28 day in-vitro dynamic culture of osteoblasts on melt-electrowritten polycaprolactone scaffolds. The cell constructs were strained to 4% at 0.5 Hz on days 25-27 and removed on the 28th day. Cells were observed to elongate and align within some regions of high local strain following the 3 days of stimulation.

bioengineering↗

NanTex enables computational multiplexing and phenotyping of organelles across super-resolution modalities

Super-resolution microscopy (SRM) enables nanoscale visualization of cellular organelles but remains constrained by spectral overlap, labeling requirements, and temporal offsets in multicolor imaging. We present NanTex, a deep learning framework that introduces nanotexture as a universal descriptor of subcellular organization and achieves probabilistic demixing of multiple organelles from single-channel SRM images. Unlike segmentation methods that enforce exclusivity, NanTex preserves overlapping morphologies, enabling faithful reconstruction even in crowded regions. Trained on small curated datasets with augmentation, NanTex generalized across SMLM, MINFLUX, STED, SIM, and live-cell Airyscan, with modality-specific retraining where necessary. Demonstrated on cytoskeletal, endomembrane, and metabolic organelles, NanTex achieved high-fidelity reconstructions and extended uniquely to live-cell imaging, where it eliminated temporal misalignment and enabled quantitative tracking of vesicle-like ER subdomains. Notably, NanTex enables quantitative dynamic readouts directly from single-channel live-cell data, revealing and tracking hidden subdomains in real time without the need for additional labels. Beyond multiplexing, NanTex supported computational phenotyping by distinguishing structurally distinct yet molecularly identical populations, exemplified by nocodazole-induced microtubule depolymerization and its glyoxal-mediated modulation. Together, these results establish nanotexture as a paradigm-shifting descriptor for organelle identity and position NanTex as a modality-agnostic, label-efficient, and live-cell-ready strategy for quantitative nanoscale biology. Significance StatementNanTex reframes multiplexing as texture-based demixing, introducing nanotexture as a universal fingerprint of organelle identity. By enabling quantitative, label-efficient reconstructions across SRM modalities and live-cell phenotyping, including vesicle tracking from single-channel data, NanTex opens a path to studying organelle remodeling and disease progression with unprecedented fidelity across SRM modalities.

biophysics↗

Pharmacological targeting of SOS1-RAS interaction triggers pancreatic β-cell proliferation and sustainably reverses diabetic hyperglycemia

Clinical studies have suggested that restoring a sufficient mass of functional {beta} cells can provide an effective treatment option for diabetes, however, it remains unclear whether this can be achieved through pharmacological stimulation of endogenous {beta}-cell proliferation. We demonstrate here that ectopic expression of a constitutively active form of Kras (KrasG12D) exclusively in pancreatic endocrine cells suppresses {beta}-cell proliferation, resulting in a dramatic reduction in {beta}-cell numbers and islet size. Conversely, we demonstrate that the potent and selective SOS1-RAS interaction inhibitor BI-3406 promotes unprecedented levels of {beta}-cell proliferation in primary human islets, both in culture and following transplantation in immunocompromised diabetic mice. Importantly, using murine models of streptozotocin-induced diabetes, we show that BI-3406 treatment restores {beta}-cell mass, leading to a gradual normalization of blood glucose and insulin levels, as well as to sustainable improvement in glucose tolerance. Our data provide the first pre-clinical evidence of an orally bioavailable KRAS inhibitor that can directly induce {beta}-cell regeneration.

cell biology↗

Latitudinal phylogenetic and diversity gradients are explained by a tropical-temperate transitional region

The distribution of ecological and evolutionary forces throughout space bring about the patterning of biodiversity. In large geographical areas, this causes the regionalization of biodiversity into structured units known as bioregions. In order to understand how such patterns emerge, a clear delineation of bioregions is required. We use tree species as model taxa in order to analyze the global distribution of biodiversity and understand how latitudinal gradients of biodiversity, specifically the latitudinal phylogenetic and diveristy gradients are formed. By compiling an extensive dataset of tree species distributions and their phylogenetic relationships, we use a data-driven approach to delineate global bioregions of similar evolutionary histories, termed phyloregions. Our analysis reveals the presence of a region between the tropical and temperate regions, coined bridge phylore-gion, with a unique evolutionary composition and characteristically weaker association to climatic and environmental parameters. Through simulations, we show that the pres-ence of latitudinal phylogenetic and diversity gradients are much more likely to emerge in the presence of an independent ecological region between tropical and temperate regions, suggesting that its role as a stepping-stone in colonization of species between distinct climatic zones has shaped latitudinal gradients. This study highlights that accurate de-lineation of evolutionary structures of biodiversity can reveal previously cryptic regions with fundamental evolutionary roles in the formation of biodiveristy patterns. 1 Significance StatementBiodiversity patterns are shaped by geography, forming distinctive units known as bioregions. At global scales there are important gradients in terms of species diversity and phylogenetic relations that are well documented, but the underlying processes that generate them are unclear. We comprised an extensive dataset of tree species distributions and phylogeny, and identified the bioregions from the dataset. We analyzed the diversity and the phylogenetic gradients and identified a previously cryptic bioregion between tropical and temperate zones. Though less climatically distinct, we show through simulations that the presence of this transition zone better explains latitudinal biodiversity patterns. Our findings refine the global dispersal dynamics of species between tropical and temperate regions and highlight the role of this intermediate region in shaping global biodiversity patterns.

evolutionary biology↗

RBM20-variants induce distinct calcium handling and metabolic phenotypes in patient-specific stem cell models of dilated and non-compaction cardiomyopathy

Background and aimMutations in the splice regulator RBM20 account for [~]3 % of genetic cardiomyopathies. In particular, the highly conserved RS domain is a hotspot for disease-associated mutations. Previously, mutations at same amino acid position 634 in the hotspot RS-domain were found to cause dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) with left ventricular non-compaction (R634L) or without (R634W), but the pathophysiological mechanisms that govern the heterogeneity in phenotype presentation remained unknown. Here, we identify the molecular events caused by the distinct RBM20 mutations from DCM and left-ventricular non-compaction (LVNC) using patient-specific stem cell models. MethodsWe generated induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CM) of one LVNC- and two DCM-patients harboring the RBM20-mutations R634L (LVNC) or R634W (DCM). We investigated alternative splicing activity, RBM20 localization, sarcomeric regularity, cAMP level, kinase-specific phosphorylation of key Ca2+ handling enzymes, physiological cardiac functions as Ca2+ homeostasis, and metabolic activity on a patient-specific cardiomyocyte level. Force generation was analyzed in patient-specific engineered myocardial tissues. Isogenic rescue and mutation insertion lines were generated by CRISPR/Cas9 technology to analyze the direct impact of the RBM20 mutations on the cardiac phenotype. ResultsWe observed common splicing aberrations for LVNC- and DCM-CM in TTN and RYR2, RBM20 cytoplasmatic accumulation and irregular sarcomeric structure. LVNC-CM harboring the RBM20-p.R634L variant show distinct molecular, cellular and functional impairments that manifest in CAMK2D, TRDN and IMMT mis-splicing. Splicing defects in LVNC-CM correlate with elevated systolic Ca2+ and faster Ca2+ kinetics with elevated cAMP levels and PLN-hyperphosphorylation. An increased metabolic activity and mitochondrial membrane potential support the hyperactive LVNC-CM. By contrast, DCM-CM (RBM20-p.R634W) distinctly present with decreased systolic Ca2+ and increased SR Ca2+leak but unchanged Ca2+ kinetics and metabolic activity. Both mutations lead to severely reduced force of contraction in engineered myocardium. CRISPR/Cas9 gene-edited isogenic control lines of both described RBM20 mutations in LVNC and DCM demonstrated the causative nature of the two mutations and their diverging effects. Further, L-type Ca2+ channel blockade by verapamil ameliorates the Ca2+ cycling and leakage phenotypes in LVNC- and DCM-CM. ConclusionWe show the first comparative iPSC-model of splice-defect-associated RBM20-dependent LVNC-p.R634L and DCM-p.R634W. We found shared and variant-specific phenotypes on a patient-specific level. Our data demonstrate that the different RBM20 mutations manifest in distinct molecular aberrations in alternative splicing and RBM20 cytoplasmic accumulation that convey various physiological impairments in structure, Ca2+ handling, metabolism and contractile force.

molecular biology↗

Neuralized-like proteins differentially activate Notch ligands

Notch signalling is a major signalling pathway coordinating cellular processes between neighbouring animal cells. In Drosophila, two ubiquitin ligases, Neuralized (Neur) and Mindbomb1 (Mib1), regulate Notch ligand activation and are essential for development. However, the mammalian orthologs of Neur, Neuralized-like (NEURL) 1 and 2, do not appear to be crucial for development, as double knock-out mice show no developmental defects. Thus, it is unclear if and how NEURL proteins regulate the four mammalian Notch ligands. To address these questions, we examined NEURL proteins ability to activate Notch ligands in humanized Drosophila and mammalian cell culture. We found that, unlike MIB1, NEURL proteins activate Notch only with a subset of mammalian ligands, which contain a Neuralized binding motif. This motif has the consensus sequence NxxN, present only in Notch ligands DLL1 and JAG1, but not in DLL4 and JAG2. Overall, we show that NEURL proteins activate specific Notch-ligands, suggesting a differential regulatory mechanism of Notch activation in mammals, which can potentially explain the limited role of NEURL proteins in mammalian development and homeostasis.

molecular biology↗

Temporal kinetics of brain state effects on visual perception

We investigated the effects of brain states on human perception and early visual response comparing focused wakefulness (ON state) to external inattention (OFF state). In two experiments, we investigated the temporal kinetics of brain states changes during stimulus processing and assessed fluctuations across extended periods of time. We used a classifier to distinguish between these states on a single trial level using theta activity in MEG sensors. We found that participants shifted from an ON to an OFF state as rapidly as two seconds. Visual target discrimination was comparable in both states, but reaction times were slower and more variable during the OFF state. Broad band high-frequency activity (BHA) recorded in MEG sensors covering the occipital cortex tracked target grating orientation. BHA was reduced during the OFF state but participants were still able to distinguish sensory information highlighting the role of BHA in visual perception across cognitive brain states.

neuroscience↗

The global root exudate carbon flux

Root exudation, the export of low-molecular weight organic carbon (C) from living plant roots to soil, influences microbial activity, nutrient availability, and ecosystem feedbacks to climate change, but the magnitude of this C flux at ecosystem and global scales is largely unknown. Here, we synthesize in situ measurements of root exudation rates and couple those to estimates of fine root biomass to estimate global and biome-level root exudate C fluxes. We estimate a global root exudate flux of 15.2 PgC y-1, or about 10% of global annual gross primary productivity. We found no differences in root mass-specific exudation rates among biomes, though total exudate fluxes are estimated to be greatest in grasslands owing to their high density of absorptive root biomass. Our synthesis highlights the global importance of root exudates in the terrestrial C cycle and identifies regions where more in situ measurements are needed to improve future estimates of root exudate C fluxes.

ecology↗

Small fibre neuropathy in Fabry disease: a human-derived neuronal in vitro disease model

Acral burning pain triggered by fever, thermal hyposensitivity, and skin denervation are hallmarks of small fibre neuropathy in Fabry disease, a life-threatening X-linked lysosomal storage disorder. Variants in the gene encoding alpha-galactosidase A may lead to impaired enzyme activity with cellular accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). To study the underlying pathomechanism of Fabry-associated small fibre neuropathy, we generated a neuronal in vitro disease model using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells from three Fabry patients and one healthy control. We further generated an isogenic control line via CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. We subjected iPSC to targeted peripheral neuronal differentiation and observed intra-lysosomal Gb3 accumulations in somas and neurites of Fabry sensory neurons using super-resolution microscopy. At functional level, patch-clamp analysis revealed a hyperpolarizing shift of voltage-gated sodium channel steady-state inactivation kinetics in Fabry cell lines as compared to the healthy control. Moreover, we demonstrate a drastic increase in Fabry sensory neuron Ca2+ levels at 39{degrees}C mimicking clinical fever (p < 0.001). This pathophysiological phenotype was accompanied by thinning of neurite calibres in sensory neurons obtained from Fabry patients compared to healthy control cells (p < 0.001). Linear-Nonlinear cascade models fit to spiking responses revealed that Fabry cell lines exhibit altered single neuron encoding properties relative to control. We further observed jam of mitochondrial trafficking at sphingolipid accumulations within Fabry sensory neurites utilizing a click-chemistry approach together with mitochondrial dysmorphism compared to healthy control cells. We pioneer insights into the cellular mechanisms contributing to pain, thermal hyposensitivity, and denervation in Fabry small fibre neuropathy, and pave the way for further mechanistic in vitro studies in Fabry disease and the development of novel treatment approaches.

neuroscience↗

Coronaviruses use ACE2 monomers as entry receptors

The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been identified as entry receptor on cells enabling binding and infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) via trimeric spike (S) proteins protruding from the viral surface1,2. It has been suggested that trimeric S proteins preferably bind to plasma membrane areas with high concentrations of preferably multimeric ACE2 receptors to achieve a higher binding and infection efficiency1,3. However, our current knowledge about the influence of ACE2 expression and organization in the plasma membrane on SARS-CoV-2 infection efficiency remains elusive. Here we used direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) in combination with different labeling approaches to visualize the distribution and quantify the expression of ACE2 on different cells. Our results reveal that endogenous ACE2 receptors are present as monomers in the plasma membrane with densities of only 1-2 receptors m-2. In addition, binding of trimeric S proteins does not induce clustering of ACE2 receptors in the plasma membrane. Supported by infection studies using vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) particles bearing S proteins our data demonstrate that a single S protein interaction per virus particle with a monomeric ACE2 receptor is sufficient for infection which attests SARS-CoV-2 a high infectivity.

molecular biology↗

Tell me who your neighbors are: The role of spatial location and tree species identity in determining the ectomycorrhizal community composition of saplings and mature trees in a mixed conifer forest

O_LIThe mutualistic interaction between trees and ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) can have a major effect on forest dynamics and specifically in seedling establishment. Both intrinsic (i.e., identity of the sapling) and extrinsic (i.e., the identity of mature trees in the vicinity of the sapling) factors can affect the EMF community composition of young saplings. C_LIO_LIHere, we compared the EMF community composition associated with the roots of young saplings and mature trees of two co-habiting Pinaceae: Pinus halepensis and Cedrus deodara growing together in a planted forest plot, using fungal ITS metabarcoding. C_LIO_LIWe found that the differences between the two sapling groups were mostly attributed to changes in the relative abundance of specific fungal species. Moreover, we found that physical proximity to a specific host species had a significant effect on the community composition of young saplings. However, while no significant differences in sapling size were apparent, the sapling shoot structure was affected by the identity of the nearest mature tree and its unique EMF community composition. C_LIO_LISynthesis: These results suggest that the dynamics of the EMF community are greatly determined by extrinsic factors such as the small-scale distribution of mature trees in the forest, with possible cascading effects on the development of young trees. C_LI

ecology↗

The trophic pyramid revisited: most animal classes have more predator than herbivore species

According to the trophic pyramid, a large array of herbivores (primary consumers) feed an increasingly narrower array of predators, from secondary consumers to top predators. However, the partitioning between herbivory and predation across the animal kingdom has not yet been tested at the global scale. Here, we use a survey of 33,762 animal species across ten major taxonomic groups (five vertebrates and five invertebrates) to partition food sources at the class and phylum levels. We use this partitioning, together with class-level biomass estimates, to create a global trophic pyramid of biomass. We show that: (1) the diet of eight of the ten groups of animals is dominated by prey rather than plants, accounting for 64-99% of the diet mass; (2) collectively across the terrestrial and marine environments, secondary consumers (invertivores; [~]1200 Mt C) have higher biomass than primary consumers (herbivores; [~]500 Mt C); (3) the two major exceptions, feeding mostly on plants, are mammals and insects; the latter form the major food source for terrestrial animals. For animal species in most classes, plants are not a food source, but rather invertebrates, mostly arthropods. Secondary consumers (invertivores) link primary consumers and top predators, and are hence pivotal to almost all food-webs.

ecology↗

Prosperity of the commons: Generalist mycorrhizal species dominate a mixed forest and may promote forest diversity by mediating resource sharing among trees

Mechanisms of host-microbe interactions and their direct impact on both parties have been extensively researched, however, much less is known on the effect of these interactions on the ecology of the host-community. Here we investigate tree-fungi mycorrhizal interactions, focusing on mycorrhizal-mediated resource sharing among trees, while examining the dynamics between specialist and generalist fungi and their implications on the forest ecology. Using genetic meta-barcoding, we identified the fungal community colonizing different trees in a mixed forest, and generated an extensive mapping connecting fungal sequences to their tree hosts. The mycorrhizal fungal community diverged between ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular host trees, but, unexpectedly, multiple ectomycorrhizal species colonized roots of non-ectomycorrhizal host trees. We complemented these findings by a novel computational framework, modeling competition between generalist and specialist mycorrhizal fungi, accounting for fungal-mediated resource sharing among neighboring trees. The analysis of the model revealed that generalist mycorrhizal networks may affect the entire tree community, and contribute to the maintenance of forest diversity in the long run. Furthermore, higher initial spatial mixing of trees can promote the evolution of generalist mycorrhizal species. These novel belowground interactions among trees and fungi may significantly impact forest biodiversity.

ecology↗

Cis-inhibition suppresses basal Notch signalling during sensory organ precursor selection

The emergence of the sensory organ precursor (SOP) from the proneural equivalence group in Drosophila melanogaster is a paradigm for studying single cell fate specification through the process of lateral inhibition. Classical lateral inhibition models describing this selection process are based on a transcriptional feedback mechanism where inhibitory signals between neighbouring cells, mediated by Notch pathway, are coupled to an intracellular circuit regulating the expression of the Notch ligand Delta (Dl). It was previously shown that in addition to its ability to trans-activate Notch in neighbouring cells, Dl can also cis-inhibit Notch in the same cell. However, it remains unclear what role does cis-inhibition play during SOP selection, and how it contributes to the selection of only one SOP. Here we address these questions using the unexpected observation that the mammalian ligand Delta-like 1 (Dll1) can trans-activate but not cis-inhibit Notch in Drosophila. We develop a mathematical model for SOP selection, termed the two-channel SOP (TCS) model, where Dl activity, but not its expression, is regulated by two channels associated with the two E3 ubiquitin ligases Neuralized (Neur) and Mindbomb1 (Mib1). While the Neur-dependent channel is regulated by Notch signalling, the Mib1-dependent channel is not, leading to tissue-wide basal inhibitory activity. We show theoretically and experimentally that cis-inhibition is required for suppressing Mib1-dependent basal Notch activity. Thus, our results highlight the trade-off between basal Notch activity and cis-inhibition as a mechanism for singling out an SOP from the proneural equivalence group.

developmental biology↗

Combined drought resistance strategies and the hydraulic limit in co-existing Mediterranean woody species

O_LIWoody species employ various strategies to cope with drought stress. We investigated similarities and differences in response to chronic drought to understand resistance strategies in co-occurring Mediterranean species. C_LIO_LIWe studied five predominant Mediterranean species; Quercus calliprinos, Pistacia palaestina, Pistacia lentiscus, Rhamnus lycioides, and Phillyrea latifolia over two summers at three sites with different aridities. We measured key hydraulic and osmotic traits related to drought resistance, including resistance to embolism ({Psi}50), carbon isotope signature ({delta}13C), pre-dawn ({Psi}PD) and mid-day ({Psi}MD) water potentials, and native ({Psi}s) and full turgor ([Pcy]0) osmotic potentials. C_LIO_LISignificant differences among species appeared in resistance to embolism. The species also showed differences in the water potential plastic response over the dry season. This interspecific variation increased at the end of the dry season and resulted in very narrow hydraulic safety margins (HSM). Consequently, predicted loss of hydraulic conductivity revealed species with significant native embolism. Two of the species also had seasonal changes in osmotic adjustment. C_LIO_LIOur detailed analysis indicates that co-existing Mediterranean woody species combine various drought resistance strategies to minimize mortality risk. However, all of them risk mortality as they approach their hydraulic limit near the dry margin of their distribution. C_LI

plant biology↗

Interaction of human keratinocytes and nerve fiber terminals at the neuro-cutaneous unit

Traditionally, peripheral sensory neurons hold the monopole of transducing external stimuli. Current research moves epidermal keratinocytes into focus as sensors and transmitters of nociceptive and non-nociceptive sensations, tightly interacting with intraepidermal nerve fibers at the neuro-cutaneous unit. In animal models, epidermal cells establish close contacts and ensheath sensory neurites. However, ultrastructural morphological and mechanistic data examining the human keratinocyte-nociceptor interface are sparse. We investigated this exact interface in human skin applying super-resolution array tomography, expansion microscopy, and structured illumination microscopy. We show keratinocyte ensheathment of nociceptors and connexin 43 plaques at keratinocyte-nociceptor contact sites in healthy native skin. We further derived a fully human co-culture system, modeling ensheathment and connexin 43 plaques in vitro. Unraveling human intraepidermal nerve fiber ensheathment and interaction sites marks a milestone in research at the neuro-cutaneous unit. These findings are mind-changers on the way to decipher the mechanisms of cutaneous nociception.

neuroscience↗

ShareLoc - an open platform for sharing localization microscopy data

Novel insights and more powerful analytical tools can emerge from the reanalysis of existing data sets, especially via machine learning methods. Despite the widespread use of single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) for super-resolution bioimaging, the underlying data are often not publicly accessible. We developed ShareLoc (https://shareloc.xyz), an open platform designed to enable sharing, easy visualization and reanalysis of SMLM data. We discuss its features and show how data sharing can improve the performance and robustness of SMLM image reconstruction by deep learning.

bioinformatics↗