Biology subjects

Kirby, T. J.

Publications and source records attributed to Kirby, T. J..

6 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Microtubule architecture and detyrosination bidirectionally modulate sarcomere shortening in skeletal muscle fibers

Although microtubules (MT) are established regulators of striated muscle mechanics, how MT lattice organization and post-translational modifications (PTM) individually shape contractility in healthy skeletal muscle fibers remains incompletely understood. We used an ex vivo single muscle fiber culture under unloading, examining acetylation and detyrosination (deTyr). During long-term 2D culture, the MT lattice was disrupted by transverse MT depletion without changes in MT abundance. In individual fibers, MT structure, but not abundance, positively correlated with sarcomere shortening non-linearly. When fibers were cultured in 3D hydrogels, the MT lattice was similarly disrupted yet shortening was preserved, with increased longitudinal MTs and decreased deTyr-MTs. Pharmacologically, contractility increased with either a decrease (parthenolide) or an increase (Taxol) in deTyr-MTs, and Taxol further rescued the MT lattice. Our findings identify MT organization and detyrosination, rather than MT abundance, as key determinants of muscle fiber contractility, positioning deTyr-MT as a load-responsive, bidirectional marker relevant to disuse atrophy and aging.

physiology↗

bioRxiv2025

Microtubule detyrosination alters nuclear mechanotransduction and leads to pro-hypertrophic signaling in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

BackgroundHypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction and is accompanied by extensive cytoskeletal remodeling, including increased protein levels of desmin, tubulin and detyrosinated tubulin. We have previously demonstrated that tubulin detyrosination contributes to diastolic dysfunction. Microtubules are connected to the nucleus by the LINC complex, yet the role of cytoskeleton-nucleus interactions in HCM remain poorly understood. ObjectivesWe investigated whether cytoskeletal remodeling in HCM alters nuclear morphology and mechanics, and modulates hypertrophy-associated signaling pathways. MethodsNuclear morphology was assessed by electron microscopy and immunofluorescence in cardiac septal tissue from obstructive HCM patients (N=19) and non-failing donors (NF, N=8), as well as in Wild-Type (WT, N=18) and homozygous HCM-associated Mybpc3 c.2373InsG mice (Mybpc3c.2373InsG, N=19). A novel live-cell imaging approach was used to study nuclear deformation during cardiomyocyte contraction. YAP1 nuclear translocation was measured to evaluate downstream mechanosensitive signaling and detyrosination inhibitor epoY was used to test causality. ResultsNuclei were highly invaginated and enlarged in HCM in both patients and mice. Nuclear deformation during contraction was restricted in HCM cardiomyocytes, indicating altered mechanotransduction. These changes were associated with increased YAP1 nuclear localization and induction of YAP1 target and hypertrophic genes. Inhibition of microtubule detyrosination reduced nuclear invaginations, restored nuclear deformation and decreased YAP1 nuclear translocation. ConclusionCytoskeletal remodeling in HCM is associated with altered nuclear morphology and mechanotransduction, accompanied by YAP1 translocation which may contribute to hypertrophic remodeling. Targeting microtubule detyrosination rescues this phenotype, identifying nuclear mechanotransduction as a potential therapeutic target for HCM. Unstructured abstractHypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction and is accompanied by extensive cytoskeletal remodeling, including increased desmin, tubulin, and detyrosinated tubulin levels, which we previously showed contribute to impaired relaxation. Since microtubules connect to the nucleus via the LINC complex, we investigated whether cytoskeletal remodeling alters nuclear morphology, mechanics, and hypertrophy-associated signaling. Using electron microscopy and immunofluorescence in cardiac septal tissue from obstructive HCM patients and non-failing donors, and immunofluorescence and live-cell imaging in septal tissue from Wild-Type and homozygous HCM-associated Mybpc3 c.2373InsG mice, we found that nuclei were enlarged and highly invaginated, with restricted nuclear deformation during contraction, indicating altered mechanotransduction. These changes were associated with increased YAP1 nuclear localization and increased expression of YAP1 target and hypertrophic genes. Inhibiting microtubule detyrosination reduced nuclear abnormalities, restored nuclear deformation, and decreased YAP1 nuclear translocation, identifying nuclear mechanotransduction as a potential therapeutic target in HCM. Visual abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=122 SRC="FIGDIR/small/646061v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (32K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7f915forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12131c6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4aff5eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c3a3a8_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LICytoskeletal remodeling contributes to nuclear abnormalities and impaired mechanotransduction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. C_LIO_LIMicrotubule detyrosination promotes nuclear invaginations and increased YAP1 signaling in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. C_LIO_LIPharmacological reduction of detyrosinated tubulin normalizes nuclear structure and mechanosignaling. C_LIO_LITargeting nuclear-cytoskeletal coupling may provide new therapeutic strategies for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. C_LI

physiology↗

bioRxiv2025

Embedding muscle fibers in hydrogel improves viability and preserves contractile function during prolonged ex vivo culture

Ex vivo culture of isolated muscle fibers can serve as an important model for in vitro research on mature skeletal muscle fibers. Nevertheless, this model has limitations for long-term studies due to structural loss and dedifferentiation following prolonged culture periods. This study aimed to investigate how ex vivo culture affects muscle fiber contraction and to improve the culture system to preserve muscle fiber morphology and sarcomere function. Additionally, we sought to determine which culture-induced changes can negatively affect muscle fiber contraction. We cultured isolated flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) muscle fibers in several conditions for up to 7 days, and investigated viability, morphology, the unloaded sarcomere shortening in intact fibers, along with force generation in permeabilized muscle fibers. In addition, we examined changes to the microtubule network. We found a time-dependent decrease in contractility and viability in muscle fibers cultured for 7 days on a laminin-coated culture dish (2D). Conversely, we found that culturing FDB muscle fibers in a low-serum, fibrin/Geltrex hydrogel (3D) reduces markers of muscle fiber dedifferentiation (i.e. sprouting), improves viability and retains contractility over time. We discovered that the loss of contractility of cultured muscle fibers was not the direct result of reduced sarcomere function but may be related to changes in the microtubule network. Collectively, our findings highlight the importance of providing muscle fibers with a 3D environment during ex vivo culture, particularly when testing pharmacological or genetic interventions to study viability or contractile function. SummaryIn this work, the authors demonstrate that a low-serum, 3D ex vivo culture model preserves muscle fiber viability and contractility while reducing dedifferentiation. This model system can be utilized to conduct prolonged ex vivo pharmacological or genetic interventions to study fundamental muscle fiber processes or disease mechanisms.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2022

Eliminating elevated p53 signaling in Lmna-mutant mice fails to rescue skeletal muscle defects or extend survival

Lamins A and C, encoded by the LMNA gene, are nuclear intermediate filaments that provide structural support to the nucleus and contribute to chromatin organization and transcriptional regulation. LMNA mutations cause muscular dystrophies, dilated cardiomyopathy, and other diseases. The mechanisms by which many LMNA mutations result in muscle-specific diseases have remained elusive, presenting a major hurdle in the development of effective treatments. Previous studies using striated muscle laminopathy mouse models found that cytoskeletal forces acting on mechanically fragile Lmna-mutant nuclei led to transient nuclear envelope rupture, extensive DNA damage, and activation of DNA damage response (DDR) pathways in skeletal muscle cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, hearts of Lmna mutant mice have elevated activation of the tumor suppressor protein p53, a central regulator of DDR signaling. We hypothesized that elevated p53 activation could present a pathogenic mechanism in striated muscle laminopathies, and that eliminating p53 activation could improve muscle function and survival in laminopathy mouse models. Supporting a pathogenic function of p53 activation in muscle, stabilization of p53 was sufficient to reduce contractility and viability in wild-type muscle cells in vitro. Using three laminopathy models, we found that increased p53 activity in Lmna-mutant muscle cells primarily resulted from mechanically induced damage to the myonuclei, and not from altered transcriptional regulation due to loss of lamin A/C expression. However, global deletion of p53 in a severe muscle laminopathy model did not reduce the disease phenotype or increase survival, indicating that additional drivers of disease must contribute to the disease pathogenesis.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2021

Impaired lamin localization to the nuclear envelope is responsible for nuclear damage in LMNA mutant iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes

The LMNA gene encodes the nuclear envelope proteins Lamins A and C, which comprise a major part of the nuclear lamina, provide mechanical support to the nucleus, and participate in diverse intracellular signaling. LMNA mutations give rise to a collection of diseases called laminopathies, including dilated cardiomyopathy (LMNA-DCM) and muscular dystrophies. Although nuclear deformities are a hallmark of LMNA-DCM, the role of nuclear abnormalities in the pathogenesis of LMNA-DCM remains incompletely understood. Using induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) from LMNA mutant patients and healthy controls, we show that LMNA mutant iPSC-CM nuclei have altered shape or increased size compared to healthy control iPSC-CM nuclei. The LMNA mutation exhibiting the most severe nuclear deformities, R249Q, additionally caused reduced nuclear stiffness and increased nuclear fragility. Importantly, for all cell lines, the degree of nuclear abnormalities corresponded to the degree of Lamin A/C and Lamin B1 mislocalization from the nuclear envelope. The mislocalization was likely due to altered assembly of Lamin A/C. Collectively, these results point to the importance of correct lamin assembly at the nuclear envelope in providing mechanical stability to the nucleus and suggest that defects in nuclear lamina organization may contribute to the nuclear and cellular dysfunction in LMNA-DCM.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2018

Mutant lamins cause mechanically-induced nuclear envelope rupture, DNA damage, and DNA-PK activation in muscle

Mutations in the human LMNA gene, which encodes the nuclear envelope (NE) proteins lamins A and C, cause autosomal dominant Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, congenital muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, and other diseases collectively known as laminopathies. The molecular mechanisms responsible for these diseases remain incompletely understood, but the muscle-specific defects suggest that mutations may render nuclei more susceptible to mechanical stress. Using three mouse models of muscle laminopathies, we found that Lmna mutations caused extensive NE abnormalities, consisting of chromatin protrusions into the cytoplasm and transient rupture of the NE in skeletal muscle cells. NE damage was associated with DNA damage, activation of DNA damage response pathways, and reduced viability. Intriguingly, NE damage resulted from nuclear migration in maturing skeletal muscle cells, rather than actomyosin contractility. NE damage and DNA damage was reduced by either depletion of kinesin-1 or disruption of the Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complex. LINC complex disruption rescued myofiber function and viability in Lmna mutant myofibers, indicating that the myofiber dysfunction is the result of mechanically induced NE damage. The extent of NE damage and DNA damage in Lmna mouse models correlated with the disease onset and severity in vivo. Moreover, inducing DNA damage in wild-type muscle cells was sufficient to phenocopy the reduced cell viability of lamin A/C-deficient muscle cells, suggesting a causative role of DNA damage in disease pathogenesis. Corroborating the mouse model data, muscle biopsies from patients with LMNA muscular dystrophy revealed significant DNA damage compared to age-matched controls, particularly in severe cases of the disease. Taken together, these findings point to a new and important role of DNA damage as a pathogenic contributor for LMNA skeletal muscle diseases.

cell biology↗