Biology subjects

Kindt, K.

Publications and source records attributed to Kindt, K..

5 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2024

Spontaneous calcium transients in hair cell stereocilia

The hair bundle of auditory and vestibular hair cells converts mechanical stimuli into electrical signals through mechanoelectrical transduction (MET). The MET apparatus is built around a tip link that connects neighboring stereocilia that are aligned in the direction of mechanosensitivity of the hair bundle. Upon stimulation, the MET channel complex responds to changes in tip-link tension and allows a cation influx into the cell. Ca2+ influx in stereocilia has been used as a signature of MET activity. Using genetically encoded Ca2+ sensors (GCaMP3, GCaMP6s) and high-performance fluorescence confocal microscopy, we detect spontaneous Ca2+ transients in individual stereocilia in developing and fully formed hair bundles. We demonstrate that this activity is abolished by MET channel blockers and thus likely originates from putative MET channels. We observe Ca2+ transients in the stereocilia of mice in tissue explants as well as in vivo in zebrafish hair cells, indicating this activity is functionally conserved. Within stereocilia, the origin of Ca2+ transients is not limited to the canonical MET site at the stereocilia tip but is also present along the stereocilia length. Remarkably, we also observe these Ca2+ transients in the microvilli-like structures on the hair cell surface in the early stages of bundle development, prior to the onset of MET. Ca2+ transients are also present in the tallest rows of stereocilia in auditory hair cells, structures not traditionally thought to contain MET channels. We hypothesize that this newly described activity may reflect stochastic and spontaneous MET channel opening. Localization of these transients to other regions of the stereocilia indicates the presence of a pool of channels or channel precursors. Our work provides insights into MET channel assembly, maturation, function, and turnover.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2022

Chronic neurotransmission increases the susceptibility of lateral-line hair cells to ototoxic insults

Sensory hair cells receive near constant stimulation by omnipresent auditory and vestibular stimuli. To detect and encode these stimuli, hair cells require steady ATP production, which can be accompanied by a buildup of mitochondrial byproducts called reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS buildup is thought to sensitize hair cells to ototoxic insults, including the antibiotic neomycin. Work in neurons has shown that neurotransmission is a major driver of ATP production and ROS buildup. Therefore, we tested whether neurotransmission is a significant contributor to ROS buildup in hair cells. Using genetics and pharmacology, we disrupted two key aspects of neurotransmission in zebrafish hair cells: presynaptic calcium influx and the fusion of synaptic vesicles. We find that chronic block of neurotransmission enhances hair-cell survival when challenged with the ototoxin neomycin. This reduction in ototoxin susceptibility is accompanied by reduced mitochondrial activity, likely due to a reduced ATP demand. In addition, we show that mitochondrial oxidation and ROS buildup is reduced when neurotransmission is blocked. Mechanistically, we find that it is the synaptic vesicle cycle rather than presynaptic- or mitochondrial-calcium influx that contributes most significantly to this metabolic stress. Our results comprehensively indicate that, over time, neurotransmission causes ROS buildup that increases the susceptibility of hair cells to ototoxins.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2021

Identification of transcription factors involved in the specification of photoreceptor subtypes

During development, retinal progenitors navigate a complex landscape of fate decisions that results in the generation of unique cell types necessary for proper vision. Here, we aim to provide the resources and techniques required to identify fac-tors that are critical for fate decisions in photoreceptors. These factors help create a diversity of photoreceptor subtypes that sustain vision in day and night, enable the discrimination of colors, facilitate the detection of prey and predators, and support other aspects of vision. First, we generate a key resource: a high-quality and deep transcriptomic profile of each photoreceptor subtype in zebrafish. We make this resource openly accessible, easy to explore and integrate it with other currently available photoreceptor transcriptomic datasets. Second, using our transcriptomic profiles, we derive an in-depth map of expression of transcription factors in photoreceptors--potential key players in cell-fate decisions. Third, we explore CRISPR-FO screening as a fast, efficient and versatile technique to assess the involvement of candidate transcription factors in photoreceptor subtype-specification. We first show that known phenotypes can be easily replicated: loss of S cones in foxq2 mutants and loss of rods in nr2e3 mutants. We then explore four additional transcription factors of unknown function (Skor1a, Sall1a, Lrrfip1a and Xbp1) and find no evidence for their involvement in photoreceptor-subtype specification. Finally, we identify novel functions of Tbx2, demonstrating that it plays a central role in controlling the identity of all photoreceptor sub-types within the retina. Our study provides an open roadmap to discover additional factors involved in this process. This dataset and screening method will be a valuable way to explore the genes involved in many essential aspects of photoreceptor biology.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2021

Using light-sheet microscopy to study spontaneous activity in the developing lateral-line system

Hair cells are the sensory receptors in the auditory and vestibular systems of all vertebrates, and in the lateral-line system of aquatic vertebrates. During development, spontaneous activity in hair cells shapes the formation of these sensory systems. In auditory hair cells of mice, coordinated waves of spontaneous activity can be triggered by concomitant activity in nearby supporting cells. But in mammals, developing auditory and vestibular hair cells can also autonomously generate spontaneous events independent of supporting cell activity. To date, significant progress has been made studying spontaneous activity in the auditory and vestibular systems of mammals, in isolated cultures. The purpose of this work is to explore the zebrafish lateral-line system as a model to study and understand spontaneous activity in vivo. Our work applies genetically encoded calcium indicators along with light-sheet fluorescence microscopy to visualize spontaneous calcium activity in the developing lateral-line system. Consistent with our previous work, we show that spontaneous calcium activity is present in developing lateral-line hair cells. We now show that supporting cells that surround hair cells, and cholinergic efferent terminals that directly contact hair cells are also spontaneously active. Using two-color functional imaging we demonstrate that spontaneous activity in hair cells does not correlate with activity in either supporting cells or cholinergic terminals. We find that during lateral-line development, hair cells autonomously generate spontaneous events. Using localized calcium indicators, we show that within hair cells, spontaneous calcium activity occurs in two distinct domains-the mechanosensory bundle and the presynapse. Further, spontaneous activity in the mechanosensory bundle ultimately drives spontaneous calcium influx at the presynapse. Comprehensively, our results indicate that in developing lateral-line hair cells, autonomously generated spontaneous activity originates with spontaneous mechanosensory events. Overall, with robust spontaneous activity three different cell types, the developing lateral line is a rich model to study these activities in an intact sensory organ. Future work studying this model may further our understanding of these activities and their role in sensory system formation, function and regeneration.

developmental biology↗

bioRxiv2019

Synaptic mitochondria are critical for hair-cell synapse formation and function

Sensory hair cells in the ear utilize specialized ribbon synapses. These synapses are defined by electron-dense presynaptic structures called ribbons, composed primarily of the structural protein Ribeye. Previous work has shown that voltage-gated influx of Ca2+ through CaV1.3 channels is critical for hair-cell synapse function and can impede ribbon formation. We show that in mature zebrafish hair cells, evoked presynaptic-Ca2+ influx through CaV1.3 channels initiates mitochondrial-Ca2+ (mito-Ca2+) uptake adjacent to ribbons. Block of mito-Ca2+ uptake in mature cells depresses presynaptic Ca2+ influx and impacts synapse integrity. In developing zebrafish hair cells, mito-Ca2+ uptake coincides with spontaneous rises in presynaptic Ca2+ influx. Spontaneous mito-Ca2+ loading lowers cellular NAD+/NADH redox and downregulates ribbon formation. Direct application of NAD+ or NADH increases or decreases ribbon formation respectively, possibly acting through the NAD(H)-binding domain on Ribeye. Our results present a mechanism where presynaptic- and mito-Ca2+ couple to confer proper presynaptic function and formation.

developmental biology↗