Biology subjects

Kane, S. A.

Publications and source records attributed to Kane, S. A..

8 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2025

Unsupervised learning reveals rapid gait adaption after leg loss and regrowth in spiders

Many arthropods and some vertebrates can voluntarily lose (autotomize) limbs during antagonistic encounters, and some can regenerate functional replacements. Spiders in particular frequently autotomize one or more legs. In this study, we investigated the time course of locomotor recovery after leg loss and regeneration in juvenile tarantulas (Arachnida: Araneae) with no prior experience of autotomy. We recorded high-speed video of spiders running with all legs intact, then immediately after, and again one day after, they autotomized two legs. The legs were allowed to regenerate, and the same sequence of experiments repeated. Running performance, posture, and path tortuosity were measured from video tracking. Spiders were found to resume their pre-autotomy speed and stride frequency after leg regeneration and in [≤]1 day after both autotomies; furthermore, path tortuosity was unaffected by these treatments. They adjusted their posture to compensate for missing legs, spreading their remaining legs and running with their bodies rotated 11-15 deg from their velocity. To analyze gaits, we applied unsupervised machine learning for the first time to measured kinematic data in combination with gait space metrics. Spiders were found to robustly adopt new gait patterns immediately after losing legs, with no evidence of learning. This novel clustering approach both demonstrated concordance with previously-hypothesized gaits and revealed transitions between and variations within these patterns. More generally, clustering in gait space enables the identification of patterns of leg motions in large datasets that correspond to either known gaits or undiscovered behaviors.

zoology↗

bioRxiv2023

Hybrid Mimulus flowers attract a new pollinator

Hybridization is common in flowering plants and is believed to be an important force driving adaptation and speciation. The hybrid flowers often have new trait combinations, which, theoretically, could attract new pollinators. In this study, we found that the hybrids between a hummingbird-pollinated species Mimulus cardinalis and a self-pollinated species Mimulus parishii attract bumblebees (Bombus impatiens), a pollinator not attracted to either of the progenitor species. This novel attraction is explained by several floral traits in hybrids, including petal color, nectar concentration, and corolla size. We also found that the YUP locus, previously shown to be important in bee attraction in other Mimulus species, also played an important role in this novel attraction. Hybrid plants attraction to new pollinators could be an underexplored avenue for pollinator shift and speciation.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2023

Putting a new spin on insect jumping performance using 3D modeling and computer simulations of spotted lanternfly nymphs

How animals jump and land on a variety of surfaces is an ecologically important problem relevant to bioinspired robotics. We investigated this topic in the context of the jumping biomechanics of the planthopper Lycorma delicatula (the spotted lanternfly, SLF), an invasive insect in the US that jumps frequently for dispersal, locomotion, and predator evasion. High-speed video was used to analyze jumping by SLF nymphs from take-off to impact on compliant surfaces. These insects used rapid hindleg extensions to achieve high take-off speeds (2.7-3.4 m/s) and accelerations (800-1000 ms-2), with midair trajectories consistent with zero-drag ballistic motion without steering. Despite rotating rapidly (5-45 Hz) in the air about time-varying axes of rotation, they landed successfully in 58.9% of trials; they also attained the most successful impact orientation significantly more often than predicted by chance, consistent with their using attitude control. Notably, these insects were able to land successfully when impacting surfaces at all angles, pointing to the emerging importance of collisional recovery behaviors. To further understand their rotational dynamics, we created realistic 3D rendered models of SLFs and used them to compute their mechanical properties during jumping. Computer simulations based on these models and drag torques estimated from fits to tracked data successfully predicted several features of their measured rotational kinematics. This analysis showed that SLF nymphs are able to use posture changes and drag torques to control their angular velocity, and hence their orientation, thereby facilitating predominately successful landings when jumping. SummaryHigh-speed video revealed that juvenile spotted lanternflies are adept at landing after tumbling rapidly midair during jumping. We present computer simulations and realistic 3D models to help explain these abilities.

animal behavior and cognition↗

bioRxiv2023

How spotted lanternflies get back on their feet: 3D mechanical modeling explains terrestrial self-righting strategies

The ability to upright quickly and efficiently when overturned on the ground (terrestrial self-righting) is crucial for living organisms and robots. Previous studies have mapped the diverse behaviors used by various animals to self-right on different substrates, and proposed physical models to explain how body morphology can favor specific self-righting methods. However, to our knowledge no studies have quantified and modeled all of an animals limb motions during these complicated behaviors. Here, we studied terrestrial self-righting for nymphs of the invasive spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula), an insect that must frequently recover from being overturned after jumping and falling in its native habitat. These nymphs self-righted successfully in 92-100% of trials on three substrates with different friction and roughness, with no significant difference in the time or number of attempts required. They accomplished this using three stereotypic sequences of movements. To understand these motions, we combined 3D poses tracked on multi-view high-speed video with articulated 3D models created using photogrammetry and Blender rendering software. The results were used to calculate the mechanical properties (e.g., potential and kinetic energy, angular speed, stability margin, torque, force, etc.) of these insects during righting trials. We used an inverted physical pendulum model (a "template") to estimate the kinetic energy available in comparison to the increase in potential energy required to flip over. While these insects began righting using primarily quasistatic motions, they also used dynamic leg motions to achieve final tip-over. However, this template did not describe important features of the insects center of mass trajectory and rotational dynamics, necessitating the use of an "anchor" model comprising the 3D rendered body model and six articulated two-segment legs to model the bodys internal degrees of freedom and capture the role of the legs contribution to inertial reorientation. This anchor elucidated the sequence of highly coordinated leg movements these insects used for propulsion, adhesion, and inertial reorientation during righting, and how they frequently pivot about a body contact point on the ground to flip upright. In the most frequently used method, diagonal rotation, these motions allowed nymphs to spin their bodies to upright with lower force with a greater stability margin compared to the other less frequently-used methods. We provide a concise overview of necessary background on 3D orientation and rotational dynamics, and the resources required to apply these low-cost modeling methods to other problems in biomechanics.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2022

Sizing up spotted lanternfly nymphs for instar determination and growth allometry

A major ongoing research effort seeks to understand the behavior, ecology and control of the spotted lanternfly (SLF) (Lycorma delicatula), a highly invasive pest in the U.S. and South Korea. These insects undergo four nymphal stages (instars) before reaching adulthood, and appear to shift host plant preferences, feeding, dispersal and survival patterns, anti-predator behaviors, and response to traps and chemical controls with each stage. However, categorizing SLF life stage is challenging for the first three instars, which have the same coloration and shape, because no comprehensive datasets exist. We present a dataset of body mass and length for SLF nymphs throughout two growing seasons and compare our results with previously-published ranges of instar body lengths. An analysis using two clustering methods revealed that 1st-3rd instar body mass and length fell into distinct clusters that were consistent between years, supporting using these metrics to stage nymphs during a single growing season. However, the ranges for 2nd-4th instars were not consistent between our results and those from earlier studies for diverse locations. The scaling of SLF nymph body mass with body length varied between isometry (constant shape) and positive allometry (growing faster than predicted by isometry) in the two years studied. Using previously published data, we also found that SLF nymph adhesive footpad area varies in direct proportion to weight, suggesting that footpad adhesion is independent of nymphal stage, while their tarsal claws display positive allometry and hence disproportionately increasing grasp (mechanical adhesion). By contrast, mouthpart dimensions are weakly correlated with body length, consistent with predictions that these features should reflect preferred host plant characteristics rather than body size. We recommend future studies use the body mass vs length growth curve as a fitness benchmark to study how SLF instar development depends on factors such as hatch date, host plant, temperature, and geographic location, to further understanding of life history patterns that help prevent further spread of this invasive insect.

zoology↗

bioRxiv2021

Spotted lanternfly nymphs use multiple righting behaviors during landing

Unlike large animals, insects and other very small animals are so unsusceptible to impact-related injuries that they can use falling for dispersal and predator evasion. Reorienting to land upright can mitigate lost access to resources and predation risk. Such behaviors are critical for the spotted lanternfly (SLF) (Lycorma delicatula), an invasive, destructive insect pest spreading rapidly in the US. High-speed video of SLF nymphs released under different conditions showed that these insects self-right using both active midair righting motions previously reported for other insects, and novel post-impact mechanisms that take advantage of their ability to experience near-total energy loss on impact. Unlike during terrestrial self-righting, in which an animal initially at rest on its back uses appendage motions to flip over, SLF nymphs impacted the surface at varying angles and then self-righted during the rebound using coordinated body rotations, foot-substrate adhesion, and active leg motions. These previously-unreported strategies were found to promote disproportionately upright, secure landings on both hard, flat surfaces and tilted, compliant host plant leaves. Our results highlight the importance of examining biomechanical phenomena in ecologically-relevant contexts, and show that, for small animals, the post-impact bounce period can be critical for achieving an upright landing.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2019

How conspicuous are peacock eyespots and other colorful feathers in the eyes of mammalian predators?

Feathers perceived by humans to be vividly colorful are often presumed to be equally conspicuous to other mammals, and thus to present an enhanced predation risk. However, many mammals that prey on adult birds have dichromatic visual systems with only two types of color-sensitive visual receptors (one sensitive to ultraviolet light), rather than the three characteristic of humans and four of most birds. Thus, understanding how these predators perceive color requires quantitative visual modeling. Here, we use a combination of reflectance spectroscopy, multispectral imaging, color vision modelling and visual texture analysis to compare the visual signals available to conspecifics and to mammalian predators for multicolored feathers from the Indian peacock (Pavo cristatus) as well as red and yellow parrot feathers; we also take into account the effects of distance-dependent blurring due to visual acuity. When viewed by tetrachromatic birds against a background of green vegetation, most of the feathers studied had color and brightness contrasts similar to values previously found for ripe fruit. By contrast, when viewed by dichromat mammalian predators, the color and brightness contrasts of these feathers were only weakly detectable and often did not reach detection thresholds for typical viewing distances. We furthermore show that the peacocks erect train has undetectable color and brightness contrasts and visual textures when photographed against various foliage backgrounds. Given the similarity of photoreceptor sensitivities and feather reflectance properties across relevant species, these findings are consistent with many feathers of similar hue being inconspicuous, and in some cases potentially cryptic, in the eyes of their mammalian predators. These results suggest that many types of colorful feathers are likely to be cryptic to mammals while providing a communication channel perceptible to birds, while emphasizing the importance of understanding diverse sensory receivers in the evolution of animal coloration.

zoology↗

bioRxiv2017

Biomechanics of the peafowl’s crest: a potential mechanosensory role for feathers during social displays

Feathers act as vibrotactile sensors that can detect mechanical stimuli during avian flight and tactile navigation, suggesting that they may also detect stimuli during social displays. In this study, we present the first measurements of the biomechanical properties of the feather crests found on the heads of birds, with an emphasis on those from the Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus). We show that in peafowl these crest feathers are coupled to filoplumes, small feathers known to function as mechanosensors. We also determined that airborne stimuli with the frequencies used during peafowl courtship and social displays couple efficiently via resonance to the vibrational response of their feather crests. Specifically, vibrational measurements showed that although different types of feathers have a wide range of fundamental resonant frequencies, peafowl crests are driven near-optimally by the shaking frequencies used by peacocks performing train-rattling displays. Peafowl crests were also driven to vibrate near resonance in a playback experiment that mimicked the effect of these mechanical sounds in the acoustic very near-field, reproducing the way peafowl displays are experienced at distances [≤] 1.5m in vivo. When peacock wing-shaking courtship behaviour was simulated in the laboratory, the resulting airflow excited measurable vibrations of crest feathers. These results demonstrate that peafowl crests have mechanical properties that allow them to respond to airborne stimuli at the frequencies typical of this species social displays. This suggests a new hypothesis that mechanosensory stimuli could complement acoustic and visual perception and/or proprioception of social displays in peafowl and other bird species. We suggest behavioral studies to explore these ideas and their functional implications.

zoology↗