Jonsdottir, S. | Search bioRxiv

bioRxiv2025

Dendritic-cell diversity in equine blood revealed by single-cell transcriptomics

Unbiased classification of equine dendritic cells (DC) is necessary to address various research questions such as the role of DC subsets in immune-mediated diseases of horses. We applied single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on DC enriched from the blood of two horses. All main DC subsets were detected by key gene expression, including conventional DC type 1 (cDC1; XCR1) and type 2 (cDC2; FCER1A, CD1E) as well as plasmacytoid DC (pDC; TCF4). In addition, we detected a small cluster of hematopoietic progenitors, as well as transitional DC (tDC; FCER1A, TCF4) and putative DC type 3 (DC3; FLT3, CD163). Our data confirms the previously reported phenotype of equine pDC (Flt3+MHC-IIlowCADM1lowCD172aint), cDC1 (Flt3+MHC-IIhighCADM1highCD172alow-int) and cDC2 (Flt3+MHC-IIhighCADM1intCD172ahigh), while also highlighting considerable CD14 expression for cDC2. Two subclusters of equine cDC2 were found to be enriched in FCER1A or CX3CR1 transcripts (cDC2.1 and cDC2.2, respectively), with suggested enhanced extravasation and T-cell stimulatory capacities of the latter. Conservation of DC subsets across species (horse, pig, human, mouse) was illustrated by enrichment analyses with subset-specific gene signatures and by cross-species data integration with publicly available scRNA-seq datasets. Our atlas of equine blood DC is a valuable resource for comparative analyses, and it forms the foundation for understanding the involvement of distinct DC subsets in infections and immune-mediated pathologies. O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=93 SRC="FIGDIR/small/644174v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (18K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@bdce22org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1285715org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16d37c8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1695121_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG

immunology↗

bioRxiv2025

Culicoides allergens expressed in insect cells induce sulfidoleukotriene release in peripheral blood leukocytes from horses affected with insect bite hypersensitivity

IntroductionInsect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is an IgE mediated dermatitis in horses caused by bites of Culicoides spp. The allergens are salivary gland proteins from these insects and nine major allergens from Culicoides obsoletus have been identified and expressed in E. coli. However, proteins expressed in procaryotic systems have limitations in cellular assays, particularly in functional assays assessing the allergen-induced release of mediators in vitro, such as sulfidoleukotrienes (sLT) from basophils. Aims of the study were to produce functional Culicoides allergens in insect cells, to assess their allergenicity using a sLT release assay and to relate the sLT release with IgE sensitization to the respective allergens using ELISA. MethodsEight major Culicoides obsoletus allergens (Cul o 1P, Cul o 2P, Cul o 3, Cul o 5, Cul o 7, Cul o 8, Cul o 9 and Cul o 11) were expressed in insect cells and purified. sLT release from peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) following stimulation with the eight Culicoides allergens was measured in 28 IBH-affected and 24 healthy control horses. Allergen-specific serum IgE levels was determined by ELISA. ResultsThe eight major allergens were successfully expressed in insect cells and purified. All allergens induced a significantly higher sLT release from PBL of IBH-affected horses compared to healthy controls. There was a high correlation and substantial to excellent agreement between sLT release and serum IgE levels for six Culicoides allergens, while for two the agreement was moderate. Positivity rates in IBH horses were usually higher in IgE serology but more false positive results were obtained. The allergens performing best in both assays were Cul o 3, Cul o 8 and Cul o 9, with very high specificity and good sensitivity. DiscussionInsect cell expressed Culicoides recombinant allergens are functionally relevant and will open new opportunities for the study of Culicoides hypersensitivity not only in horses, but also potentially in human patients or other species. They will also greatly improve IBH diagnostics using cellular assays as well as IgE serology.

immunology↗